Table 1 OCD family studies.
From: The genetic epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
OCD and comorbid disorders assessment tools | Diagnosis criteria and control | Sample size | Diagnosis in first-degree relatives | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author/year | Country | Proband age inclusion criteria | Proband | Relatives | Blind to proband status (y/n) | Best estimate diagnosis procedure (y/n) | Diagnostic criteria | Controls matched for gender and age (y/n) | Proband | First-degree Relatives | Definite OCD | Probable OCD | Definite/Probable OCD | |||||||
Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | Control | |||||||||||
n | Mean age (SD) | n | Mean age (SD) | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | |||||||||
Child proband | ||||||||||||||||||||
Reddy et al. [20] | India | Juvenile proband (<=16 y) | DICA-R; CV-LOI; CY-BOCS. questionnaire for tic | Same if child; SCAN, LOI, Y-BOCS, questionnaire for tic disorder, if adult. | n | y | DSM-III-R | y | 35 | 13.6 (2.4) | 34 | 106 | 94 | 4 | 0 | |||||
Hanna et al. [21] Hanna et al. [22] | USA | Adolescent proband (10–17 y) | K-SADS-E; STOBS | SCID-III-R, Y-BOCS, FISC; STOBS | y | y | DSM-III-R | n | 35 | 13.7 (2.4) | 17 | 12.4 (1.8) | 102 | 39 | 23 (22.5) | 1 (2.6) | 28 (27.4) | 1 (2.6) | ||
Rosario Campos et al. [17] | USA | Children and adolescent proband (<=18 y) | STOBS; Y-BOCS; YGTSS; KSADS; SCID | Same | y | y | DSM-IV | y | 106 | 11.9 (3.03) | 44 | 11.2 (2.06) | 325 | 140 | 62 (22.7) | 1 (0.9) | 79 (29.2) | 3 (2.4) | ||
Adult proband | ||||||||||||||||||||
McKeon and Murray [65] | USA | Adult proband | SADS-L | SADS-L; SAP | n | – | Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) | y | 50 | Not reported | 50 | Not reported | 149 | 151 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Black et al. [66]; Black et al. [4] *Iowa family study of OCD | USA | Adult proband | SADS; Y-BOCS; NIMHOCS; Hamilton Depression Rating Scale | DIS; SIDP; FHRDC | y | – | DSM-III | y | 32 | 37.9 (10.9) | 33 | 38.4 (10.2) | 168 | 184 | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | ||||
Pauls et al. [16]; Carter et al. [29] | USA | Adult proband | STOBS; DIS; K- SADS-E; Y-BOCS | Same | y | y | DSM-III-R | n | 100 | 33.6 (12.1) | 33 | 466 | 113 | 47 | 2 | 35 | 2 | 82 | 4 | |
Bienvenu et al. [67]; Nestadt et al. [18]; Grados et al. [23]; Nestadt et al. [24] *Johns Hopkins OCD Family Study | USA | Adult proband (>=18 y) | SADS-LA; Y-BOCS; LOI; FICS; YGTSS | All+ K-SADS, CY-BOCS, if child | y | y | DSM-IV | y | 80 | 37 (18–88) | 73 | 39 (18–79) | 326 | 297 | 38 (11.7) | 8 (2.7) | 53 (16.3) | 17 (5.7) | ||
Black et al. [25] | USA | Adult proband | SCID- IV; Y-BOCS; SIDP-IV; FAD | *Offsprings (child between ages 7 and 18 years) DICA, CBCL for children | y | y | DSM-IV | y | 21 | 39.5 (6.4) | 22 | 38.2 (5.6) | 43 | 35 | 10 (23) | 1 (3) | 13 (30) | 8 (23) | ||
Fyer et al. [26] | USA | Adult proband | SADS-LA, FISC | Same | y | y | DSM-III-R | y | 72 | 34.8 (11) | 32 | 43.6 (15) | 179 | 112 | 11 (6.2) | 0 (0) | 15 (8.4) | 0 | ||
Lipsitz et al. [27] | USA | Adult proband | SADS-LA, FISC | Same | y | y | DSM-IV | y | 57 | 37.2 (13) | 41 | 42.6 (13) | 112 | 115 | 4 (3.6) | 2 (1.7) | 6 (5.4) | 2 (1.7) | ||
Grabe et al. [28] | Germany | Adult proband (>=18) | SADS-LA | Same | y | y | DSM-IV | n | 105 | 38.3/44.8 | 70 | 42.1 (16.4) | 343 | 247 | 22 (6.4) | 3 (1.2) | 19 | 7 | ||
Bienvenu et al. [5] *Johns Hopkins OCD Family Study *OCD Collaborative Genetics Study | USA | Adult proband | SADS-LA; SCID-IV | All those + K-SADS | y | y | DSM-IV | y | 382 | Not reported | 73 | Not reported | 974 | 233 | 524 (55) | 16 (7) | ||||
Nationalwide register-based studies | ||||||||||||||||||||
Full sibling (OR) | Parent (OR) | Offspring (OR) | ||||||||||||||||||
Mataix-Cols et al. [7] | Sweden | all psychiatric patients treated in Sweden (1969–2009) | Swedish National Patient Register | Same | n | n | ICD-10 | n | 24768 | 13589819 | 5.03 (4.49–5.64) | 4.70 (4.09–5.40) | 4.56 (3.97–5.24) | |||||||
Full sibling (OR) | Maternal (OR) | Paternal (OR) | Offspring (OR) | |||||||||||||||||
Steinhausen et al. [8] | Denmark | All individuals born between 1952 and 2000 | Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register | same | n | n | ICD-8 ICD-10 | y | 2057 | 6055 | 6.19 (6.65–10.49) | 11.21 (3.14040.04) | 34.04 (4.42–262-39) | 4.54 (1.28–16.13) | ||||||
Full sibling (RRR) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Browne et al. [9] | Denmark | Any individuals who had contact with the national health care system (1969–1995) | Danish Psychiatric Central Register; Danish National Hospital Register | same | n | n | ICD-8 ICD-10 | n | 6191 | 1734668 | 4.89 (3.45–6.93) | |||||||||
Full sibling (OR) | Maternal half siblings (OR) | Paternal half siblings (OR) | Twins (OR) | |||||||||||||||||
Brander et al. [10] | Sweden | Any individuals born between 1967 and 2007 | Swedish national registers | same | n | n | ICD-8 ICD-9 ICD-10 | n | 22232 | 4063135 | 10.63 (7.92–14.27) | 3.72 (1.92–7.20) | 0.30 (0.04–2.12) | 25.19 (9.20–68.98) | ||||||
Full sibling (RRR) | Maternal half siblings (RRR) | Paternal half siblings (RRR) | ||||||||||||||||||
Mahjani et al. [11] | Sweden | Any individuals born between 1982 and 1990 | Swedish Medical Birth Register | same | n | n | ICD-10 | n | 7184 | 815659 | 4.82 (4.03–5.62) | 1.85 (0–2.37) | 1.09 (0–1.96) | |||||||
Full sibling (RR) | Parents (RR) | Offspring (RR) | Twins (RR) | |||||||||||||||||
Huang et al. [12] | Taiwan | All individuals diagnosed with OCD between 1 January 2001 and 31 December 2010 | Taiwan National Health Insurance Database | same | n | n | ICD-9 | n | 23258175 | 8.95 (8.44–9.49) | 7.64 (7.10–8.23) | 7.18 (6.65–7.75) | 60.76 (49.12–75.16) | |||||||
