Table 2 Adjusted* hazard ratios (HR) for developing ADHD in general population and groups of relatives given different levels of exposure to cumulative psychosocial adversity.

From: Association between cumulative psychosocial adversity in the family and ADHD and autism: a family-based cohort study

 

General population

(1,877,901 observations, 73,058 cases)

Full cousins

(2,184,849 observations, 85,436 cases)

Half-siblings

(512,050 observations, 42,794 cases)

Full siblings

(1,271,883 observations, 46,040 cases)

Psychosocial Adversity Index

Adjusted HR

(95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

1

1.55 (1.53–1.58)

1.18 (1.15–1.21)

1.04 (0.98–1.10)

1.01 (0.96–1.06)

2

1.88 (1.82–1.95)

1.33 (1.26–1.39)

1.04 (0.94–1.16)

1.08 (0.99–1.19)

3

1.89 (1.73–2.06)

1.29 (1.12–1.48)

0.98 (0.74–1.28)

1.16 (0.93–1.44)

≥4

2.65 (1.98–3.54)

1.99 (1.12–3.47)

0.60 (0.22–1.58)

1.56 (0.82–2.95)

Continuous

1.1 (1.39–1.42)

1.16 (1.13–1.18)

1.02 (0.98–1.07)

1.03 (0.99–1.07)

  1. *Adjusted for parental age at child’s birth, child’s year of birth, and parental country of origin.
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