Table 3 Adjusted* hazard ratios for developing autism in general population and groups of relatives given different levels of exposure to cumulative psychosocial adversity.

From: Association between cumulative psychosocial adversity in the family and ADHD and autism: a family-based cohort study

 

General population (1,877,901 observations, 25,356 cases)

Full cousins (2,184,849 observations, 28,572 cases)

Half-siblings

(512,050 observations, 11,096 cases)

Full siblings (1,271,883 observations, 16,265 cases)

Psychosocial Adversity Index

Adjusted HR

(95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

1

1.33 (1.29–1.37)

1.07 (1.03–1.12)

1.06 (0.95–1.18)

1.01 (0.93–1.09)

2

1.37 (1.30–1.45)

1.15 (1.05–1.25)

1.01 (0.84–1.23)

1.14 (0.99–1.31)

3

1.19 (1.03–1.36)

1.16 (0.91–1.48)

0.84 (0.50–1.40)

0.99 (0.72–1.35)

≥4

1.04 (.59–1.84)

0.97 (0.32–2.95)

0.09 (0.01–0.85)

1.27 (0.53–3.04)

Continuous

1.20 (1.17–1.22)

1.07 (1.04–1.10)

1 (0.92–1.08)

1.04 (0.98–1.10)

  1. *Adjusted for parental age at child’s birth, child’s year of birth, and parental country of origin
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