Fig. 1: Long-term spaceflight composite stress.

Long-term spaceflight composite stress mainly includes microgravity, isolation, confinement, noise, circadian rhythm disturbance, and so on, which could induce depression and cognitive impairment through various ways. Here, we have comprehensively reviewed the impact of individual and combined stressors on depression and cognitive function during long-term spaceflight, and explained the underlying mechanisms of those effects from the perspective of neuroplasticity.