Fig. 1: Flowchart illustrating data collection, processing, and analysis procedures.

Abbreviations: PDs psychiatric disorders, LD linkage disequilibrium, MetS metabolic syndrome, GWAS genome-wide association study, IVs instrumental variables, SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms, PRESSO pleiotropy residual sum and outlier, UVMR univariable Mendelian randomization analyses, IVW inverse variance weighting, MLE maximum likelihood estimator, WME weighted median estimator, RAPS robust adjusted profile score, MVMR multivariable MR analyses.