Fig. 2: Causal relationships between MetS and PDs using UVMR.

Abbreviations: MetS metabolic syndrome, PDs psychiatric disorders, UVMR univariable MR, ADHD attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ALC alcohol dependence, ANO anorexia nervosa, ANX anxiety, ASD autism spectrum disorder, BIP bipolar disorder, MDD major depressive disorder, SCZ schizophrenia, PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder, TS Tourette’s syndrome, No. IVs number of instrumental variables, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval.