Table 1 Demographics, clinical measures, and data quality.

From: Higher-order functional brain networks and anterior cingulate glutamate + glutamine (Glx) in antipsychotic-naïve first episode psychosis patients

 

Groups (N = 122)

P-value

HC (n = 52)

FEP (n = 70)

Demographic variables

 Age (in years)

24.62 ± 6.28

24.03 ± 6.14

0.61

 Sex (M/F)

34/18

44/26

0.77

 aParental occupation (SES)

4.46 ± 4.32

5.89 ± 4.71

0.33

 Race

  White

32

21

–

  African American

11

43

–

  Asian

6

2

–

  Hispanic

1

2

–

  Pacific Islander

1

0

–

  Other

1

2

–

 bNo. sf smokers (%)

8%

41%

 

  Smoking (Packs per day)

0.03 ± 0.09

0.24 ± 0.40

< 0.001

 cNo. of cannabis users (%)

0%

30%

 

Clinical variables

 Diagnosis

  Schizophrenia

–

35

–

  Schizoaffective disorder

–

11

–

  Bipolar disorder with psychosis

–

3

–

  Schizophreniform disorder

–

4

–

  Psychosis NOS

–

13

–

  Brief psychotic disorder

–

2

–

  Major depressive disorder w/psychosis

-

2

–

 Duration of untreated psychosis (in months)

–

21.43 ± 40.19

–

 BPRS

  Positive (4-items)

–

11.42 ± 3.38

–

  Negative

–

5.87 ± 3.21

–

  Total

–

50.16 ± 11.62

–

 dRBANS

  Immediate memory

100.21 ± 16.21

81.90 ± 17.83

<0.001

  Visuospatial/Constructional

83.94 ± 13.51

75.00 ± 17.92

0.005

Language

98.15 ± 15.89

82.95 ± 16.87

< 0.001

  Attention

102.53 ± 16.01

80.45 ± 17.01

< 0.001

  Delayed memory

91.87 ± 8.86

77.32 ± 15.71

< 0.001

  Total index

93.38 ± 11.56

74.15 ± 15.89

< 0.001

Scan quality data

 MRS

  Cramer–Rao lower bands (Glx)

3.63 ± 0.65

4.37 ± 1.58

0.002

  Cramer–Rao lower bands (Cr)

0.80 ± 0.12

0.91 ± 0.19

0.001

  Cramer–Rao lower bands (Cho)

1.16 ± 0.23

1.29 ± 0.32

0.014

  Cramer–Rao lower bands (NAA)

0.72 ± 0.11

0.83 ± 0.17

< 0.001

  GM fraction

72.18 ± 7.13

72.08 ± 5.56

0.93

  WM fraction

12.86 ± 5.92

13.66 ± 6.04

0.47

  CSF fraction

14.19 ± 3.95

14.26 ± 3.69

0.92

 eFC

  Mean motion (in mm)

0.15 ± 0.06

0.19 ± 0.09

0.01

  % of volumes after scrubbing

94.98 ± 5.59

91.10 ± 8.82

0.006

  1. Mean ± standard deviation; data available for a118 subjects. Ranks determined from Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies where a higher rank (lower numerical value) corresponds to higher socioeconomic status (SES); b120 subjects; cmissing data for 8 patients; d109 subjects; e113 subjects; P-values are from χ2 and independent samples-t tests for differences between the groups.
  2. RBANS repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status, BPRS brief psychiatric rating scale, MRS magnetic resonance spectroscopy, GM gray matter, WM white matter, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, FC functional connectivity.
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