Table 1 Examining the reliability of various proposed Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) transgenic animal models the table was modified and adopted from Pena et al. [154].

From: An updated review on animal models to study attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Mutant mice	Related genes	Behavioral characteristics	References
Dopamine transporter KO mice	Lack of DAT gene (Slc6a3)	Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Inattention	[25, 35, 43, 44]
Alpha-synuclein lacking mice	Lack of alpha or/and gamma synuclein	Hyperactivity	[144, 147]
Steroid sulfatase deficit mice	Deletion of STS gene because of fusion of X and Y chromosomes	Hyperactivity, Inattention	[95, 97, 98]
Thyroid hormone receptor receptor–beta(1) KI mice	Knock-in of human thyroid hormone β receptor gene	Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Inattention	[155]
Coloboma mutant mice	Disruption in approximately 20 genes including SNAP − 25 due to mutation in 2 chromosome	Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Inattention	[112, 123]
Spontaneously hypertensive rat	Inbred strain derived from the Wistar-Kyoto (WK) rat	Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Inattention	[56, 63, 74]
Dopamine transporter KD mice	Dopamine transporter expression lowered to 10% of wild-type levels	Hyperactivity	[156]
Dopamine D4 receptor KO mice	Lack of DRD4	-	[157]
6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned neonatal rat/mice	6-OHDA selectively damages catecholaminergic D4-KO mouse neurons	Hyperactivity	[158, 159]
Alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor KO mice	Lack of Alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor	-	[160]
Neurokinin 1 receptor KO mice	Neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) or Tacr1 gene functional ablation	Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Inattention	[161,162,163]
P35 KO mice	Knock-out of Cdk5-activating cofactor p35	Hyperactivity	[164, 165]
GC-C KO mice	The guanylyl cyclase-C gene has been deleted	Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Inattention	[166]
Per1 KO mouse	Per1 gene mouse with targeted mutation (inactivation)	Hyperactivity, Impulsivity	[167]
PI3Kγ KO mouse	Absence of class IB phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Kγ)	Hyperactivity, Inattention	[168]
CK1δ OE mouse	Overexpression of the casein kinase 1 (CK1) subunit in the forebrain	Hyperactivity	[169]
GAT1 KO mouse	Absence of gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter1 (GAT1) gene	Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Inattention	[170, 171]
nAChR β2 KO mouse	Removal of the gene that codes for the β2-subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor	Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Inattention	[160, 172, 173]
ADF/n-cofilin KO mouse	Absence of both actin depolymerizing factor (ADF) and n-cofilin	Hyperactivity, Impulsivity	[174]
GIT1 KO mouse	Loss of the G-protein coupled receptor kinase interacting protein 1 (GIT1) gene	Hyperactivity	[175]
DGKβ KO mouse	Loss of the DGKβ (Dgkb) gene	Hyperactivity, Inattention	[176, 177]
Gβ5 KO mouse	Missing of the type 5 G protein beta subunit (Gβ5) gene	Hyperactivity	[178]
Fmr1-KO mouse	Loss of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (Fmr1) gene	Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Inattention	[179, 180]
Ptchd1-KO mouse	Inactivation of the Ptchd1 gene	Hyperactivity, Inattention	[181, 182]
NOS1-KO mouse	Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (Nos1) gene ablation	Hyperactivity, Impulsivity	[183]
mAChR M1-KO mouse	Loss of the gene that encrypts for the M1 subtype of the receptor for muscarinic acetylcholine	Hyperactivity	[184, 185]
Brinp1-KO mouse	Absence of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) / retinoic acid (RA)-inducible neural-specific protein 1 (BRINP1)	Hyperactivity	[186, 187]
Cdh13-KO mouse	Genetic ablation of the cadherin-13 (Cdh13) gene	Hyperactivity	[188, 189]
DAT-CI	Triple point-mutation in the cocaine-binding site of DAT	Hyperactivity	[190]
BAC DAT-tg	Overexpression of dopamine transporter	-	[191]
Naples high-excitability rat	Lower expression of DA D1 receptor transcripts in NHE, 26 mRNAs greatly expressed in the PFc of NHE rats	Hyperactivity, Inattention	[192, 193]
Acallosal mouse strain	Inbred acallosal mouse strain I/LnJ	Hyperactivity, Impulsivity	[194]
Atxn7 OE mouse	Atxn7 overexpressing	Hyperactivity, Impulsivity	[195]
5HT2C receptor-KO mice	X-chromosome linked serotonin 2c receptor (5HT2C) gene (Htr2c)	Impulsivity	[196]
COMT-KO mice	Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)- KO	Impulsivity	[197]
NF1-KO mice	Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-KO mice	Inattention	[198]
Nrg3-KO mice	Neuregulin-3 (Nrg3)	Impulsivity	[199]

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Table 1 Examining the reliability of various proposed Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) transgenic animal models the table was modified and adopted from Pena et al. [154].

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