Table 1 Summary of neurochemical studies.
From: Neurochemical and genetic factors in panic disorder: a systematic review
Study | Sample | Measurement | Intervention | Findings | P value | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maddock et al. [25] | N = 34 participants n = 22 patients (13 remitted, 8 symptomatic) n = 12 HC | MRI, 1H-MRS | Vigilance task | Sig. increase in visual cortex lactate/NAA during visual stimulation compared with baseline across groups | <0.0001 | Matched for gender, age, and education. Remitted PD patients were free of panic attacks and other significant PD symptoms for at least 4 months. Subjects were evaluated by a psychiatrist with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. |
PD > HC, sig. main effect of group for percentage change from baseline lactate/NAA during visual stimulation and subsequent recovery periods. | 0.0018 | |||||
Sig. main effect of time for mean lactate double peaks before and during visual stimulation. | ||||||
Zwanzger et al. [26] | N = 18 HC right-handed male subjects (26.9 years ± 4.5 years) | H-MRS | CCK-4 challenge | Sig. increase in panic symptoms as indicated by increased between the API scores | <0.0001 | All subjects had to be free of any medication. Any drug intake was ruled out by urine toxicology screening.” |
Sig. increase in panic symptoms as indicated by increased between the PSS scores | <0.0001 | |||||
Sig. increase in HR in experimentally induced panic | <0.0001 | |||||
Glutamatergic baseline concentration seems to mainly determine the extent of percentage of Glx/Cr increase | <0.0001 | |||||
Sig. increase in CCK-4-related HPA axis stimulation mirrored by a significant effect on plasma cortisol levels 10–15 min after CCK-4 administration | 0.0002 | |||||
Sig. positive correlation between maximum Glx/Cr concentrations and API max | 0.0090 | No effects were found for the correlation between maximum Glx/Cr concentrations and API max | ||||
Sig. positive correlation between baseline Glx/Cr concentrations and HR max | 0.0270 | |||||
Mueller et al. [29] | N = 66 n = 22 PD n = 21 MD n = 23 HC | EEG | Gambling task | N300H latencies did not differ between groups | >0.05 | |
PD > HC, N300H magnitudes significantly higher | <0.02 | |||||
PD without MD comorbidity > HC, N300H magnitudes remained significantly higher | 0.0100 | |||||
PD > MD, temporal N300H spread significantly different | <0.05 | |||||
PD > HC, temporal N300H spread significantly different | <0.005 | |||||
PD/MD treated with SRIs > PD/MD not treated with SRI at the time of the study, showed significantly larger N300H spread | <0.014 | |||||
PD > HC, P300 significantly increased | <0.01 | |||||
Group x peak cardiac acceleration, no main effect or interaction | >0.2 | |||||
PD > HC, significantly greater N300H when controlling for P300 amplitude | <0.03 | |||||
Jakuszkowiak-Wojten et al. [30] | N = 28 n = 14 psychotropic drug=native outpatients with PD without agoraphobia n = 14 HC | Saliva samples | None | No. sig difference in salivary cortisol between PD and HC at awakening | 0.7700 | |
No. sig difference in salivary cortisol between PD and HC at awakening + 15 min | 0.4260 | |||||
No. sig difference in salivary cortisol between PD and HC at awakening + 30 min | 0.5140 | |||||
No sig. difference between PD and HC with changes in time and CAR parameters | ||||||
No sig. difference in AUCg (nmol/L*min) between PD and HC | 0.5610 | |||||
No sig. difference in AUCi (nmol/L*min) between PD and HC | 0.1380 | |||||
Wichmann et al. [31] | n = 30 PD/AG n = 4 PD without AG n = 34 HC | CBT | DEX-CRH test CBT for patient group | Between groups, no sig. difference in DEX-CRH suppression rate | 1.0000 | |
At cortisol levels baseline, PD < HC, sig. difference of cortisol levels measured 75 min prior to CRH-injection | 0.0160 | |||||
At cortisol levels baseline, PD < HC, sig. difference of cortisol levels measured 1 min prior to CRH-injection | 0.0400 | |||||
At ACTH baseline, no sig group differences in 75 min prior to the CRH-injection | ||||||
At ACTH baseline, no sig group differences in 1 min prior to the CRH-injection | ||||||
At baseline, sig. main effect of time for cortisol levels and the BDI sum score. | ≤0.001 | |||||
No sig. time x group interaction effect | 0.4320 | |||||
No sig. main effect of group | 0.7670 | |||||
At ACTH concentration baseline and the BDI sum score, sig. main effect of time is observed | ≤0.001 | |||||
At ACTH concentration baseline and the BDI sum score, no time x group interaction effect | 0.5970 | |||||
At ACTH concentration baseline and the BDI sum score, no main effect of group | 0.8090 | |||||
With psychotherapy, sig. correlation between mean cortisol concentrations and ACQ loss of control outcome score | 0.0050 | |||||
With psychotherapy, no sig. correlation between mean cortisol concentrations and PAS, ACQ physical concerns and total score, BSQ and MI outcome scores | ≥0.028 | |||||
Kim et al. [32] | IL6 | MDD, PD > HC at baseline levels were higher | 0.022 | |||
MDD, PD > HC at 3rd visit has levels were higher | 0.003 | |||||
PD > MDD, HC at the 4th visit, IL-6 levels were significantly higher | 0.016 | |||||
In PD, significantly negative association with treatment response | 0.022 | |||||
Leptin | MDD, PD > HC showed significantly higher levels in 3rd visit | 0.032 | ||||
MDD, PD > HC showed significantly higher levels in 4th visit | 0.003 |
