Fig. 2: Differential gene expression and enriched pathways between control and BD basal ganglia.

A Cell ratio of each cell type among four nuclei in control and BD basal ganglia, respectively. B Cell ratio of different cell types in each nucleus in control and BD basal ganglia, respectively. C, caudate; GP, globus pallidus; P, putamen; SN, substantia nigra. C number of DEGs for each cell type between control and BD basal ganglia. D Selected upregulated gene ontology biological pathways (GO-BPs) enriched for DEGs between control and BD caudate MSNs. Number of genes involved in each GO term was indicated. Note that PDE genes especially PDE5A was substantially upregulated in BD caudate MSNs including D1, D2, D1/D2 subtypes. Violin plots of PDE5A and PDE1C were shown. E Upregulated GO-BPs enriched for DEGs between control and BD SN interneurons. Those GO terms were further categorized into synapse and ion transport (orange), neural development (green), cell adhesion and migration (blue), signal transduction (red), and others (gray). Upregulated ion channels were evident in BD SN interneurons as shown by violin plots of KCNQ5, KCNJ6, KCNH5, KCND2, KCNQ3, SCN9A, CACNA2D1, and CACNA2D3.