Fig. 2: Gut microbiota analysis between BD II depression and HCs.

A Microbial alpha-diversity indices (ACE, shannon and simpson). B principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on Bray-Curtis distances comparing the sample distribution. The red dots represent BD II, and the green dots represent HCs. C Microbial composition at the phylum and genus levels. D Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores derived from LEfSe analysis, showing the biomarker taxa (LDA scores (log10) > 2.0 and a significance of p < 0.05 determined by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Red and green colors represent an increase of abundance in BD II and HCs. E Cladogram generated from LEfSe analysis showing the relationship between taxon (the levels represent, from the inner to outer rings, phylum, class, order, family, and genus). BD bipolar disorder, HCs healthy controls.