Table 1 Demographic and clinical data for patients with BD II depression and HCs.

From: Disruption of the gut microbiota-inflammation-brain axis in unmedicated bipolar disorder II depression

 

BD II depression

HCs

p-value

Demographic

   

Number of participants

65

58

N/A

Sex (male/female)

29/36

24/34

0.718†

Age (years)

29.12 (8.88)

30.07 (11.22)

0.603 a

Education (years)

14.18 (2.88)

14.53 (4.19)

0.587 a

Age at onset (years)

23.85 (2.02)

N/A

N/A

Number of episodes

2.78 (1.80)

N/A

N/A

Duration of illness (months)

36.78 (53.12)

N/A

N/A

FD (mm)

0.05 (0.02)

0.05 (0.03)

0.783 a

Mood scales

   

HDRS-24 score

27.30 (3.94)

N/A

N/A

HAMA score

13.14 (7.05)

N/A

N/A

YMRS score

3.81 (1.45)

N/A

N/A

Biomarkers of inflammation

   

IL-2 (pg/ml)

4.71 (4.09, 5.33)

4.50 (4.09, 4.92)

0.149 b

IL-4 (pg/ml)

0.97 (0.82, 0.97)

0.97 (0.82, 0.97)

0.192 b

IL-6 (pg/ml)

2.57 (2.18, 2.83)

2.31 (2.05, 2.57)

0.034 b*

IL-8 (pg/ml)

11.00 (7.85, 21.21)

7.85 (6.72, 11.00)

0.007 b*

IL-10 (pg/ml)

7.50 (6.54, 9.10)

6.54 (5.69, 7.39)

0.001 b*

TNF-α (pg/ml)

22.90 (16.73, 25.01)

18.13 (16.73, 20.90)

0.039 b*

  1. Mean (S.D.) or Median (LQ, UQ) are reported. BD Bipolar disorder, HCs healthy controls, HDRS Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HAMA Hamilton Anxiety Scale, YMRS Young Mania Rating Scale, FD framewise displacement for in-scanner head motion, IL-2 interleukin 2, IL-4 interleukin 4, IL-6 interleukin 6, IL-8 interleukin 8, IL-10 interleukin 10, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha, †The p-value for gender distribution was obtained by chi-square test. aThe p-values were obtained by independent-sample t-tests. bThe p values were obtained by Mann-Whitney U tests. *p < 0.05.
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