Fig. 5: Due to the dysregulation of the HPA axis there is a decrease in cortisol concentrations and an increase epinephrine (EPI) and NE production, the inhibition of immune cells is discontinued, and production of proinflammatory cytokines and glutamate is upregulated. | Translational Psychiatry

Fig. 5: Due to the dysregulation of the HPA axis there is a decrease in cortisol concentrations and an increase epinephrine (EPI) and NE production, the inhibition of immune cells is discontinued, and production of proinflammatory cytokines and glutamate is upregulated.

From: Examining the epigenetic transmission of risk for chronic pain associated with paternal post-traumatic stress disorder: a focus on veteran populations

Fig. 5

Consequently, this results in the manifestation of chronic pain states, and ultimately, chronic pain itself becomes a stressor, resulting in a perpetuated and dysregulated HPA axis response. Figure was created with BioRender.com.

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