Table 1 Demographic and clinical differences between MDD subtypes and HC.

From: Dissecting biological heterogeneity in major depressive disorder based on neuroimaging subtypes with multi-omics data

 

MDD patients

(N = 327)

Health controls

(N = 480)

p valuea

M-W U test

Subtype 1

(N = 93)

Subtype 2

(N = 93)

Subtype 3

(N = 141)

p valueb

ANOVA/χ2

F/χ2

Post hoc

Turkey test

Demographics

 Gender, female (%)

67.9

59.8

0.02

73.1

55.9

72.3

<0.001

4.5

Subtype 3 > HC

 Age, mean (S.D.), years

27.6 (10.6)

30.9 (11.8)

<0.001

30.4 (10.6)

24.3 (9.7)

27.9 (10.6)

0.004

10.6

Subtype 2 < Subtype 1, HC; Subtype 3 < HC

 Education, mean (S.D.), years

12.3 (3.3)

14.1 (3.7)

<0.001

12.4 (3.2)

12.2 (2.9)

12.4 (3.6)

<0.001

15.5

Subtype 1, Subtype 2, Subtype 3 < HC

 BMI, mean (S.D.)

21.9 (3.8)

22.6 (3.9)

0.02

21.7 (3.6)

22.9 (4.1)

21.5 (3.6)

0.009

3.9

Subtype 3 < Subtype 2, HC

Clinical characteristics

 Age of onset, mean (S.D.), years

24.9 (10.1)

—

 

27.9 (10.4)

22.7 (9.7)

24.9 (10.2)

0.009

4.7

Subtype 1 > Subtype 2

 Duration, mean (S.D.), months

21.9 (41.8)

—

 

20.3 (31.4)

24.4 (36.1)

22.6 (51.1)

0.838

0.2

 

Anti-depressants use

 Any (%)

23.5

0

 

47.3

63.4

61.0

0.050

3.0

 

 SSRI (%)

13.3

0

 

30.1

35.5

32.6

0.543

0.6

 

 TCA (%)

0

0

 

0

0

0

—

—

 

 MAO (%)

0

0

 

0

0

0

—

—

 

 Others (%)

17.6

0

 

36.6

44.1

47.5

0.484

0.7

 

Clinical symptoms

 HAMD total score, mean (S.D.)

18.5 (9.9)

1.3 (2.3)

<0.001

21.1 (10.1)

18.1 (10.0)

17.4 (9.6)

<0.001

443.7

Subtype 1 > HC, Subtype 2, Subtype 3; Subtype 2, Subtype 3 > HC

 HAMA total score, mean (S.D.)

16.3 (10.4)

1.2 (2.5)

<0.001

17.4 (10.3)

17.8 (10.2)

16.0 (11.1)

<0.001

293.5

Subtype 1, Subtype 2, Subtype 3 > HC

Cognition performance (WCST)

N = 253

N = 383

 

N = 62

N = 76

N = 115

   

 CR score of WCST, mean (S.D.)

28.5 (10.9)

30.2 (12.3)

0.008

24.9 (10.8)

30.0 (10.1)

29.4 (11.2)

0.013

3.6

Subtype 1 < Subtype 2

 CC score of WCST, mean (S.D.)

3.6 (1.9)

3.9 (2.3)

0.052

3.2 (1.9)

3.9 (1.9)

3.7 (2.0)

0.099

2.1

 

 TE score of WCST, mean (S.D.)

19.5 (10.8)

17.8 (12.4)

0.01

23.1 (10.8)

17.9 (10.1)

18.6 (10.8)

0.012

3.7

Subtype 1 > Subtype 2

 PE score of WCST, mean (S.D.)

7.1 (6.8)

6.4 (7.0)

0.014

9.4 (8.2)

6.5 (6.7)

6.3 (5.9)

0.013

3.6

Subtype 1 > Subtype 3

 NPE score of WCST, mean (S.D.)

12.3 (6.7)

11.4 (7.2)

0.027

13.7 (6.3)

11.4 (5.9)

12.2 (7.2)

0.109

2.0

 
  1. Data are presented as either number (%) or means (standard deviations).
  2. MDD major depressive disorder, HC healthy control, M-W U test Mann–Whitney U test, SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, TCA tricyclic antidepressive, MAO monoamine oxidase inhibitor, HAMD hamilton depression scale, HAMA hamilton anxiety scale, WCST wisconsin card sorting test, CR correct responses, CC completed categories, TE total errors, PE perseverative errors, NPE non-perseverative errors.
  3. aThe examination between all MDD patients and the HC group.
  4. bThe examination of the three MDD subtypes and the HC group.
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