Table 2 Unadjusted means, standard deviations, effect sizes, and main analyses of symptom measures across timepoints for ELA participants: neurofeedback vs SHAM.

Measure	Estimate	SE	t	p	Cohen’s d
Perceived Stress
Group	−4.40	2.15	−2.04	0.045^*	--
Timepoint
T2	−1.43	1.24	−1.15	0.25	−0.26
T3	−3.00	1.24	−2.42	0.02^*	−0.55
Group * Timepoint
T2	0.98	1.77	0.55	0.58	0.13
T3	2.85	1.77	1.61	0.11	0.36
Age	−0.19	0.73	−0.26	0.80	−0.08
Sex	−1.54	2.21	−0.70	0.49	−0.23
Positive Affect
Group	3.22	3.05	1.06	0.29	--
Timepoint	0.24	1.67	0.14	0.89	0.03
T2	3.86	1.67	2.31	0.02^*	0.53
T3
Group * Timepoint
T2	−1.39	2.39	−0.58	0.56	−0.13
T3	−3.60	2.44	−1.48	0.14	−0.34
Age	0.28	1.05	0.27	0.79	0.09
Sex	2.85	3.19	0.90	0.38	0.29
Negative Affect
Group	−2.29	2.87	−0.80	0.43	--
Timepoint
T2	−1.52	1.65	−0.93	0.36	−0.21
T3	−3.41	1.68	−2.03	0.045^*	−0.46
Group * Timepoint
T2	1.57	2.36	0.67	0.51	0.15
T3	2.07	2.40	0.86	0.39	0.20
Age	−0.95	0.98	−0.98	0.33	−0.32
Sex	−1.50	2.96	−0.51	0.62	−0.17
State Mindfulness
Group	2.22	4.72	0.47	0.64	--
Timepoint
T2	7.48	2.61	2.87	0.01^*	0.65
T3	4.76	2.61	1.83	0.07	0.41
Group * Timepoint
T2	−0.48	3.73	−0.13	0.90	−0.03
T3	−0.01	3.73	0.00	1.00	−0.0007
Age	0.33	1.62	0.20	0.84	0.07
Sex	2.24	4.90	0.46	0.65	0.15
State Mindfulness of Body
Group	2.53	1.54	1.64	0.10	--
Timepoint
T2	3.43	1.18	2.91	0.004^*	0.66
T3	2.57	1.18	2.18	0.03^*	0.49
Group * Timepoint
T2	−1.23	1.69	−0.73	0.47	−0.17
T3	−0.62	1.69	−0.37	0.71	−0.08
Age	−0.02	0.46	−0.04	0.97	−0.01
Sex	−0.15	1.39	−0.11	0.91	−0.04
State Mindfulness of Mind
Group	−0.31	3.47	−0.09	0.93	--
Timepoint
T2	−0.31	3.47	−0.09	0.93	0.52
T3	4.05	1.77	2.29	0.02^*	0.28
Group * Timepoint
T2	0.75	2.53	0.30	0.77	0.07
T3	0.61	2.53	0.24	0.81	0.05
Age	0.35	1.21	0.29	0.78	0.09
Sex	2.40	3.68	0.65	0.52	0.21

T1 Pre-training and pre-MRI, T2 Post-training and post-MRI, T3 one week follow-up.
HC healthy control, ELA early-life adversity, NF neurofeedback, OBS observe, TR transfer. *p < .05.

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