Fig. 1: Alertness-related pretreatment promotes recognition in ADHD rats.

A Schematic timeline of the experimental procedures for looming test and NOR test. B Line graph depicting the average retreat latency in response to looming stimuli across trials for control rats and ADHD rats. ADHD rats exhibit significantly longer retreat latencies compared to control rats. C Above, representative movement trajectories during the NOR training session of ADHD and control rats with or without looming pretreatment. Below, bar graph depicting the average latency to initiate object exploration (sniffing) during the training session. D Above, schematic diagram of the NOR test setup during the test phase, indicating the placement of the familiar and novel objects. Below, bar graph showing the average percentage of time spent exploring the novel object during the test phase for control and ADHD rats with or without looming pretreatment.