Fig. 2: Alertness-related tasks elevate neuronal activity in SuM.
A Above, timeline of the experimental protocol illustrating the application of looming stimuli. Middle, schematic graph of looming test. Below, average reaction time of WT mouse of 1st to 5th trials of looming test. B Diagrams and corresponding micrographs showing the distribution and expression of c-Fos in SuM with and without exposure to looming stimuli. C Bar graphs quantifying the number of c-Fos-positive cells in various hypothalamic regions including the anterior hypothalamus (AH), lateral hypothalamus (LH), posterior hypothalamus/dorsomedial hypothalamus (PH/DM), and SuM, with or without looming stimulation. D Looming-evoked neuronal spiking in SuM. Above, spiking counts per 10 ms before and after looming stimulation. Below, average spiking counts after looming stimulation. Bar, 2 counts/bin (10 ms). E Above, schematic representation of the experimental paradigm for the novel environment exposure test. Below, time withdraw from sniffing the cue. F Representative micrographs showing increased c-Fos expression in the SuM after exposure to a novel environment compared with control in (B). G Representative micrographs showing c-Fos expression in the SuM of control rats and ADHD rats, both with and without looming stimuli. H Statistical analysis presented as bar graphs, illustrating c-Fos expression across control and ADHD groups with and without looming stimuli.
