Table 1 Sample characteristics.

From: Blunted anterior midcingulate response to reward in opioid users is normalized by prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation

Demographics

 

Opioid Use Disorder

Healthy Controls

OUD vs HC

 

Active

Sham

Active

Sham

 

N

16

18

22

24

 

Age (years)

42 (10)

46 (10)

37 (12)

34 (11)

p < 0.001

Sex (male/female/other)

11/5/0

12/6/0

10/12/0

12/11/1

 

Race (n)

    

n.s.

 Black/African American

10

12

7

11

n.s.

 White/Caucasian

4

6

10

8

 

 Asian

1

0

2

2

 

 Other or More Than One Race

1

0

3

3

 

Education (years)

12 (2)

13 (3)

15 (2)

15 (3)

p < 0.001

rMTa

72 (7)

76 (4)

72 (8)

71 (10)

n.s.

TMS side effects

1.1 (0.03)

1.0 (0.06)

1.1 (0.02)

1.1 (0.02)

n.s.

Opioid Use Behavior

Opioid craving status (n)b

 Pre-TMS

3.3

3.0

1.1

1.1

p < 0.001

 Post-TMS

3.1

2.9

1.1

1.1

p < 0.001

 

n.s.

n.s.

   

Frequency opioid use (n)c

 Weekly

1

4

   

 Daily

15

14

   

Years opioid use

13 (10)

18 (11)

   

Average abstinence (months)d

37.3

23.2

   

Opioid-dependence risk scored

18 (14)

21 (13)

0 (0)

0 (0)

p < 0.001

Other Drug Use Behavior

Other drug risk scorese

 Alcohol

6 (6)

9 (9)

4 (6)

5 (5)

p = 0.012

 Cannabis

8 (9)

6 (6)

1 (3)

1 (3)

p < 0.001

 Cocaine

4 (8)

8 (9)

0 (1)

0 (0)

p < 0.001

GCR

53 (26)

73 (35)

13 (19)

10 (13)

p < 0.001

Smoking (FTND)

2 (2)

4 (2)

1 (2)

1 (3)

p < 0.001

Mental Health

Depression (BDI-II)f

14 (11)

16 (14)

8 (8)

10 (12)

p = 0.014

Anxiety (BAI)g

9 (11)

7 (8)

7 (8)

13 (12)

n.s.

  1. aTMS-related side effects were evaluated by a review of symptoms (ROS) questionnaire at the end of the session.
  2. bOpioid Craving Questionnaire.
  3. cIncludes both illicit (e.g., heroin) and licit but abused opioids (e.g., oxycodone, fentanyl, hydrocodone).
  4. dAbstinence duration is reported only for those who were past users (active n = 10; sham n = 8). Note that most past users were daily users (n = 17).
  5. eASSIST substance specific scores; scores of 0–3 indicate low risk levels for substance dependence, 4–26 moderate risk, 27+ high risk; for alcohol, 0–10 indicates low risk, 11–26 moderate risk, and 27+ high risk.
  6. fBeck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Depression severity cut-offs for the BDI-II are as follows: 0–13 minimal, 14–19 mild, 20–28 moderate, and 29–63 severe.
  7. gBeck Anxiety Index – Trait (BAI). Anxiety severity cut-offs for the BAI are as follows: 0–7 minimal, 8–15 mild, 16–25 moderate, and 26–63 severe.
  8. *To note there were no significant differences between variables within the OUD group.
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