Table 1 Demographic, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients with COVID-19.

From: Widespread myocardial dysfunction in COVID-19 patients detected by myocardial strain imaging using 2-D speckle-tracking echocardiography

 

Total (n = 218)

Noncritical (n = 166)

Critical (n = 52)

P valuea

Demographic

    Age (years)

62 (54.8, 69.3)

61 (53, 68)

64 (58, 73)

0.017

    Male, n (%)

118 (49.6)

78 (47)

33 (68.5)

0.046

Clinical presentation

    Palpitation, n (%)

6 (2.8)

6 (3.6)

0 (0)

0.340

    Chest tightness, n (%)

63 (28.9)

50 (30.1)

13 (25.0)

0.477

    Shortness of breath, n (%)

89 (40.8)

72 (43.4)

17 (32.7)

0.171

Signs

    SBP (mmHg)

135.0 ± 18.0

134.1 ± 17.8

137.7 ± 18.4

0.021

    DBP (mmHg)

81.8 ± 11.5

81.2 ± 12.0

83.9 ± 9.3

0.103

    HR (beat/min)

90 ± 15

89 ± 16

95 ± 13

0.011

    SpO2 (%)

90 ± 9

93 ± 4

81 ± 12

<0.001

Blood and chemical tests

    WBC count (109/L)

6.7 (5.1, 9.8)

6.2 (4.8, 8.1)

10.3 (6.6, 13.4)

<0.001

    Neutrophil (%)

72.9 (60.1, 85.8)

66.9 (57.6, 79.9)

88.3 (80.3, 91.3)

<0.001

    Lymphocyte (%)

15.9 (7.7, 27.0)

20.6 (11.0, 30.1)

6.9 (4.1, 10.4)

<0.001

    Albumin (g/L)

35.0 ± 6.6

36.3 ± 6.6

31.3 ± 4.8

<0.001

    Creatinine (mmol/L)

69.1 ± 24.2

66.5 ± 21.7

77.4 ± 29.7

0.017

Biomarkers for MI

    Peak cTnI (pg/mL)

4.5 (1.9, 15.7)

3.2 (1.9, 10.8)

15.6 (6.2, 58.4)

<0.001

    >34.2 pg/mL, n (%)

23 (10.8)

8 (5.0)

15 (28.8)

<0.001

    >34.2 and <100 pg/mL, n (%)

15 (6.8)

8 (5.0)

7 (13.5)

<0.001

    Peak NT-proBNP (pg/mL)

173 (53, 563)

108 (36.5, 336.5)

582 (192.5, 1703)

0.004

    >900 pg/mL, n (%)

32 (15.3)

14 (8.9)

18 (34.6)

<0.001

    Creatine kinase (U/L)

54 (34, 89.5)

54 (36, 87)

55.5 (25, 145.8)

0.981

Inflammatory markers

    hsCRP (mg/L)

16.6 (2.6, 66.3)

6.4 (1.7, 45.6)

67 (41.2, 199.7)

<0.001

    ESR (mm/h)

30 (14, 67)

19 (7.5, 55.5)

56 (30.5, 78)

<0.001

    IL-6 (pg/mL)

6.1 (2.2, 23.9)

3.8 (1.6, 11.8)

32.7 (9.5, 109.9)

0.045

    IL-10 (pg/mL)

5 (5, 7.7)

5 (5, 5.6)

7.1 (5, 14.3)

0.179

    TNF-α (pg/mL)

8.5 (6.3, 11.3)

8.2 (6.2, 11)

10.2 (7.3, 16.2)

0.002

    >50% involvement of chest CT, n (%)

137 (62.8)

89 (53.6)

48 (92.3)

<0.001

Medical treatment

    Antiviral therapy

184 (84.4)

138 (83.1)

46 (88.4)

0.358

    Intravenous corticosteroid

89 (40.8)

47 (28.3)

42 (80.8)

<0.001

    Oral corticosteroid

47 (21.6)

30 (18.1)

17 (32.7)

0.025

    Dopamine/norepinephrine

10 (4.6)

0 (0)

10 (19.2)

<0.001

Outcomes

    Hospital length (days)

28 (16, 43)

27 (14, 43)

40 (28, 45)

<0.001

    Death, n (%)

2 (0.9)

0 (0)

2 (3.4)

<0.001

    bGLS < −21.0%, n (%)

181 (83.0)

130 (78.3)

51 (98)

<0.001

    EF < 50%, n (%)

48 (22)

18 (10.8)

30 (57.6)

<0.001

  1. Data are mean (SD) or median (IQR) for continuous variables or number (%) for categorized variables.
  2. SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, HR heart rate, GLS global longitudinal strains, EF ejection fraction, SpO2 pulse oxygen saturation, cTnI cardiac troponin I, hsCRP high-sensitive C-reactive protein.
  3. aP value calculated for critical vs. noncritical patients.
  4. b−21.0% was the mean value of GLS for normal subjects (see Table 2).
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