Table 1 Comparison of ARDS and non-ARDS patients treated with tPA.

From: Fibrinolytic therapy for COVID-19: a review of case series

 

All cases

Non-ARDS

ARDS

P value

Age

58.7 ± 14.1

59.9 ± 12.0

56.4 ± 17.1

0.29b, c

Gender (total: 33 for non-ARDS vs 58 for ARDS)

  Male

64

23 (69.7%)

41 (70.7%)

0.92a, c

  Female

27

10 (30.3%)

17 (29.3%)

Comorbidities (total: 26 for non-ARDS vs 37 for ARDS)

  Hypertension

33

16 (61.5%)

17 (46.0%)

0.50a

  Diabetes

28

11 (42.3%)

17 (46.0%)

0.86a

  Dyslipidemia

19

7 (26.9%)

12 (32.4%)

0.73a

  All cardiovascular illness: Thrombosis

37

28

16 (61.5%)

16 (61.5%)

21 (56.8%)

12 (32.4%)

0.85a

0.70

  Obesity

14

3 (11.5%)

11 (29.7%)

0.17a

  All respiratory disease:

Respiratory failure

29

10

6 (23.1%)

2 (7.7%)

23 (62.2%)

8 (21.6%)

0.05**a

0.002

  >3 comorbidities

38

14 (53.8%)

24 (64.9%)

0.66a

Fibrinolytic therapy

  TPA (mg/case)

69.1 ± 22.9

67.7 ± 17.2

70.0 ± 26.0

0.67b

  Rescue therapy

34

5 of 33

29 of 70

0.80a

  Adverse events (hemorrhage)ξ

7

2 of 33

5 of 70

0.85a

Indications for tPA (total: 31 for non-ARDS and 45 for ARDS)

  PE

58

7

51

0.001a

  Stroke and STEMI

25

24

1

<0.00001a

Laboratory tests

  WBC (4.5 × 109–11 × 109/L)

22 (18/4)

9.3 ± 2.6

16.6 ± 9.8

0.005***b

  Lymphocyte (0.9 × 109–2.9 × 109/L)

15 (14/1)

1.7 ± 1.2

0.66

-

  Platelet (<150 × 103/mL)

35 (21/14)

241.7 ± 84.4

249.3 ± 120.4

0.82b

  PTT (60–70 s)

18 (13/5)

16.4 ± 9.0

32.7 ± 3.5

0.004****b

  APTT (30–40 s)

20 (18/2)

32.7 ± 8.9

36.50 ± 2.12

0.65

  Fibrinogen (2–4 g/L)

38 (17/21)

1.0 ± 2.3

2.7 ± 2.9

0.04**b

  D-dimer (<0.5 μg/mL)

56 (24/32)

10.7 ± 21.9

13.4 ± 22.2

0.62b

  LDH (140–280 U/L)

7 (4/3)

500.2 ± 235.3

1762.0 ± 723.4

0.01***b

  Ferritin (24–360 μg/L)

24 (18/6)

1298.5 ± 2361.2

8216.3 ± 17441.4

0.09*b

  CRP ( < 10 mg/L)

25 (14/11)

216.0 ± 477.9

412.0 ± 667.1

0.38b

Outcomes (total: 28 for non-ARDS vs 70 for ARDS)

  Death

28

3 (10.7%)

25 (35.7%)

0.05**

  ICU

31

3 (10.7%)

28 (40.0%)

0.03**

  Out of ICU

14

6 (21.4%)

8 (11.4%)

0.28a

  Discharged home

25

16 (57.1%)

9 (12.9%)

0.001****c

Complications (total: 23 for non-ARDS vs 33 for ARDS)

  Sepsis

3

0 (0%)

3 (9.1%)

0.15a

  Shock

9

2 (8.7%)

7 (21.2%)

0.27a

  Multiple organ failure

7

1 (4.3%)

6 (18.2%)

0.164a

  Multiple PE & thrombus

14

0 (0%)

14/0 (42.4%)

0.0003***a

  Cardiac arrest/heat failure

5/5

1/2 (4.3%/8.7%)

4/3 (12.1%/9.1%)

0.35a/0.32

  Respiratory failure

6

0 (0%)

6 (18.2%)

0.03**a

  Acute kidney injury

5

0 (0%)

5 (15.2%)

0.04*a

  Tachycardia/fibrillation

8

6 (26.1%)

2 (6.1%)

0.05*a

  1. Mean ± SD.
  2. TPA tissue-like plasminogen activator, WBC white blood cell, PTT partial thromboplastin time, aPTT activated partial thromboplastin time, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, CRP C-reactive protein.
  3. aχ2 test.
  4. bOne-Way ANOVA with a two-sided <0.05.
  5. cconfirmed with R.
  6. *P < 0.1; **P ≤ 0.05; ***P < 0.01, ****P ≤ 0.001.
  7. Footnote: Original case reports were with the following PMIDs: 33043052, 32962933, 32735730, 32267998, 33352323, 33133702, 33403100, 32427773, 32497796, 32663257, 32427774, 33634156, 32886934, 32425320, 32508062, 32445784, 32763101, 32780853, 32948531, 32634813, 32513452, 32526545, 33083223, 33066885, 32414622, 32656711, 32907873, 32835021, 32835024, 32706216, 32675154, 32432162, 32864630, 32917441, 32386986, 32952405.
  8. ξ slight hemorrhage was reported in intramuscle, intracranium, upper gastrointestinal tract, mouth, and femur.
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