Fig. 5: Inactivation of mTOR/NF-κB/IL-1β pathway is required for the pro-neurogenic action of COS.

a Schematic paradigms of cell-lineage-specific markers in DG during AHN. b, c Representative images (b) and quantification (c) of BrdU⁺Sox2⁺GFAP⁺ RGLs, BrdU⁺DCX⁺ neuroblasts, and BrdU⁺NeuN⁺ newborn neurons in DG (n = 6 mice per group). White arrows indicate BrdU⁺ and Marker⁺ cells. Scale bars, 20 μm. d Treatment with COS (5 μM, 1 μL per side) reversed the increased IL-1β protein expression in DG of CRS-exposed mice (n = 8 mice per group). e Intra-DG injection of MHY1485 (10 μM, 1 μL per side) abolished the decreased IL-1β protein expression of CRS-exposed mice produced by COS (n = 6 mice per group). f, g Representative images (f) and quantification (g) of BrdU⁺Sox2⁺GFAP⁺ RGLs, BrdU⁺DCX⁺ neuroblasts, and BrdU⁺NeuN⁺ newborn neurons in DG (n = 6 mice per group). White arrows indicate BrdU⁺ and Marker⁺ cells. Scale bars, 20 μm. Data are presented as mean ± SEM, ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001 by two-way ANOVA (c, d, e, g) followed by Sidak’s post hoc test.