Table 2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for article selection.

From: Game-based learning in orthodontic education: a systematic review

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

• Any types of empirical studies

• Articles relevant to GBL designed for non-orthodontic practitioners, such as surgeons or laypeople.

• Articles evaluating GBL in orthodontic education

• Articles without describing details of GBL Articles without presenting education impact of GBL

• Articles published between January 2000 and December 2023

• Articles not available in full text