Table 3 Data extraction from included articles.
From: Game-based learning in orthodontic education: a systematic review
Authors (Year) | Details of GBL | Research objectives | Research methodology | Participants | Outcome measurements | Key findings | Risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dhaliwal et al. [18] | Problem-based learning enhanced with audience response system | To determine the impact of ARS in an undergraduate orthodontic course | Cross-over RCT | Dental undergraduates | - User experience - Knowledge retention - Student involvement in class | - Participants had more positive perceptions with the use of ARS. - Knowledge retention was found better with ARS use. - Involvement in class was not affected by ARS. | Moderate |
Sakowitz et al. [19] | A simulated patient implemented with virtual reality technology | To compare educational impact in diagnosing and treatment planning of orthognathic cases between VR and 2D prediction tracing method | RCT Participants allocated into two groups: 1. VR 2. 2D tracing | Dental undergraduates | Knowledge and understanding in diagnosis and treatment planning of orthognathic cases | After completing the learning tasks, significant improvements in the test scores were found among participants from both groups. However, no significant difference between the two groups was found. | Low |
Huang et al. [20] | Virtual reality system for orthodontic bracket bonding | To investigate user experience in the orthodontic training VR application. | Questionnaire survey following the learning task | Dental undergraduates | User experience | Participants had positive perceptions toward the VR, considered as an enjoyable learning task for training orthodontic bracket bonding. | Moderate |
Zhang et al. [21] | Uceph: An online game-based learning for cephalometric training, adopting the pattern of shooting games. | To assess whether Uceph can improve tracing accuracy and speed | RCT Participants allocated into three groups: 1. Uceph 2. Teacher guidance 3. Self-training | Orthodontic resident | - Tracing accuracy - Tracing speed - Self-perception | Uceph offered better performance on tracing accuracy and more positive perceptions. No significant difference between the Uceph and teacher guidance group in terms of tracing speed was found. | Moderate |
Chen et al. [22] | Virtual reality to stimulate students to learn orthodontic concepts and treatment process | To evaluate impact of VR compared with PowerPoint for traditional case analysis | RCT Participants allocated into two groups: 1. VR 2. PowerPoint | Dental undergraduates | Learning motivation and user experience | Participants reported higher motivation and more positive perceptions for VR than PowerPoint. | Moderate |
Rahmani et al. [23] | Educational game: A quiz game format with 2D animation and interactive feedback for teaching orthodontic lateral cephalometric and dental cast analysis. | To evaluate the attitudes of students toward edutainments | Questionnaire survey following the learning task | Dental undergraduates | User experience | Participants had positive perceptions toward the educational multimedia enhanced with edutainments. | Moderate |
Tran and Lipp [24] | Dealodontics: A card game for basic orthodontic concepts | To evaluate learner engagement and game-playing experience. | Questionnaire survey following the learning task | Dental undergraduates | User experience | Participants had positive perceptions toward the card game. | Moderate |
