Table 1 Characteristic table describing the characteristics of the included studies.

Ming et al. [49]

Group1: Traditional casting titanium (Ti) post-cores (TC group). (n = 8)

Group2: Ti post-cores fabricated with selective laser melting (SLM group). (n = 8)

Group3: CAD/CAM glass fibre post-cores of the split type (CCS group).(n = 8)

Group4: Pre-fabricated glass fibre posts and composite resin cores (PF group).(n = 8)

Self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX Unicem, 3 M ESPE)

Internal adaptation.

Fracture resistance

Fracture pattern.

Microcomputed tomography.

Fracture resistance test

Pinto et al. [52]

Group 1: Pre-fabricated GFPs (glass fibre posts). (n = 15)

Group 2: Milled and customized CAD-CAM posts. (n = 15)

Panavia 2.0 (Kuraray)

Bond Strength

Failure mode.

Push-out test.

Stereomicroscope at 40x magnification

Saisho et al. [47]

Group1:Polyetheretherketone (PK; Ceramill PEEK).(n = 20)

Group2: Nanohybrid composite resin (BB; Brava Block).(n = 20)

Group3: Polymer-infiltrated ceramic (EN; VITA Enamic).(n = 20)

Group4: Fibre-reinforced epoxy resin (GF; Fibre Cad Post & Core).(n = 20)

Dual-polymerizing composite resin luting agent (Allcem Core; FGM)

Fracture strength.

Pull-out bond strength (POBS)

Fracture strength testing.

POBS testing.

Taques et al. [51]

Group 1: Pre-fabricated glass fibre post [PFP]. (n = 16)

Group 2: Direct anatomical glass fibre post [AFP]. (n = 16)

Group 3: CAD/CAM milled glass fibre post [MFP]. (n = 16)

RelyX Ultimate (3 M ESPE)

Bond Strength.

Fracture Strength.

Failure mode.

Push-out test.

Compression test.

Abdelkader et al. [53]

Group 1: Post space prepared with the #0.8 drill, receive a #0.8 pre-fabricated glass fibre post. (n = 10)

Group 2: Post space prepared to an oversized root canal, receive a #0.8 pre-fabricated glass fibre post. (n = 10)

Group 3: CAD-CAM glass fibre post. (n = 10)

G-CEM LinkAceTM, (GC Corp)

Bond Strength (MPa).

Push-out test.

Ghanem et al. [50]

Group1:MPP: restored with custom-milled posts and cores fabricated from polyetherketoneketone (PEKK).(n = 10)

Group2:MFP: restored with custom-milled posts and cores fabricated from fibre-reinforced resin. (n = 10)

Group3:PFP: restored with pre-fabricated fibre-reinforced resin posts.(n = 10)

Self-adhesive resin cement (TheraCem, Bisco, USA)

Fracture resistance.

Failure modes.

Fracture resistance test

Nodehi et al. [48]

Group 1: Restored with amalgam (control).(n = 5)

Group 2: Post and core by cobalt-chromium casting (Co-Cr).(n = 5)

Group 3: Post and core by non precious gold (NPG) casting.(n = 5)

Group 4: Post and core by CAD-CAM milling.(n = 5)

Glass ionomer cement (GCCo,Tokyo,Japan)

Fracture resistance (N)

Mode of failure

Fracture test

Gama et al. [54]

Group 1: (GPF) received pre-fabricated posts. (n = 10)

Group 2: (GREL) received relined glass fibre posts. (n = 10)

Group 3: (GMILLED) received CAD/CAM milled glass fibre posts. (n = 10)

RelyX U200 (3 M ESPE)

Bond Strength.

Fracture Strength

Failure mode.

Push-out bond strength test.

X-ray microcomputed tomography analysis.

Seckler et al. [55]

Group 1: (GFP): Glass fibre post and core customized with composite resin. (n = 10)

Group 2: (CPC): Cast metal. (n = 10)

Group 3: CAD/CAM-fabricated glass fibre post and core. (n = 10)

RelyX U200 (3 M ESPE)

Fracture resistance.

Failure mode.

Compression test

Eid et al. [43]

Group 1: BLC (Trilor, Bioloren).(n = 20)

Group 2:AMC: (Ambarino, Creamed).(n = 20)

Group 3: BLP:(Bioloren; Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior, 3 M).(n = 20)

Group 4:RXP:(RelyX fibre post, 3 M; Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior).(n = 20)

(RelyX U200 Automix, 3 M ESPE, St Paul, MN)

Bond strength.

Micro-push-out test

Eid et al. [45]

Group1:(RXP) :(Rely X, 3M-ESPE) with (Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior, 3M-ESPE).(n = 10)

Group2:(BLC) :(Trilor, Bioloren).(n = 10)

Group3:(AMC) :(Ambarino, Creamed).(n = 10)

(Rely X U200, 3 M ESPE)

Fracture resistance

Fracture test

Eid et al. [46]

Group 1 (CP): CAD/CAM fibre-reinforced resin posts. (n = 10)

Group 2 (CPL): CAD/CAM fibre-reinforced resin posts lubricated with Vaseline. (n = 10)

Group 3 (RXP): pre-fabricated glass-fibre posts. (n = 10)

RelyX U200, 3 M ESPE (Self adhesive cement)

Bond strength.

Failure mode.

Push out test.

Stereo microscope.

Pang et al. [41]

Group1: CAD/ CAM integrated glass fibre post-and-core.(n = 10)

Group2: Pre-fabricated glass fibre posts, (Matchpost® RADIOPAQUE, RTD Dental, St E grève, France) and composite resin cores (Filtek™ Z350XT, 3 M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA).(n = 10)

Group3:Pre-fabricated cast gold alloy post-and-core (ARGEDENT Y73, ARGEN, San Diego, CA, USA).(n = 10)

(RelyX™ Unicem 2, 3 M, St. Paul, MN, USA)

Fracture resistance.

Fatigue test

da Costa et al. [27]

Group 1 (PPc): Pre-fabricated GFP with crown.(n = 10)

Grupo 2 (PPn): Pre-fabricated GFP without crown.(n = 10)

Grupo 3 (CPc): CAD/CAM GFP with crown Grupo 4 (CPn): CAD/CAM GFP without crown.(n = 10)

Grupo 4 (CPn): CAD/CAM GFP.(n = 10)

Allcem Core, FGM

Fracture resistance.

Failure mode.

Cement layer thickness(μm)

Fatigue testing

Observational

-micro-CT.

Passos et al. [44]

Group 1 (VE): CAD/CAM glass-fibre posts without ferrule. (n = 10)

Group 2 (VEF): CAD/CAM glass-fibre posts with ferrule. (n = 10)

Group 3 (WP): Pre-fabricated glass-fibre posts without ferrule. (n = 10)

Group 4 (WPF): Pre-fabricated glass-fibre posts with ferrule. (n = 10)

RelyX U200, 3 M ESPE (Self-adhesive cement)

Fracture resistance.

Failure mode.

Fracture testing.

Optical microscope.

Tsintsadze et al. [42]

Group 1: Pre-fabricated GFP: glass fibre posts.(n = 10)

Group 2: CP: Cast posts.(n = 10)

Group 3: CAD/ CAM GFP: glass fibre posts.(n = 10)

(n = 6: (push-out)

(n = 4 (nanofiltration)

Gradia Core (GC) Dual cure cement

-Bond strength. (MPa).

-Cement layer thickness.

(μm)

-Nanoleakage

Push out test

Scanning electron microscopy.

Interfacial nanoleakage in AgNO3