Table 4 Brain regions associated with crossmodal interaction

Group 1: Two modalities of oral sensorimotor processing
Study	Modalities		Design	M1	M2	Basal ganglia	Cere-bellum	S1	S2/ RO	PPC	Olfactory	Visual	Insula	CC	PFC
Narita 2023	sensori-motor	somato-sensory	C							R/L^b		B
Ishii 2023	sensori-motor	somato-sensory	F							B^c		B
Henderson	noxious	sensori-motor	F	L				L					R		R
Hort 2016	gustatory	somato-sensory	F	R	B			B	B	R
Okamoto 2009	gustatory	sensori-motor	C	B				B

Group 2: One unimodality of oral sensorimotor processing and one non-oral modality
Study	Modalities		Design	M1	M2	Basal ganglia	Cere-bellum	S1	S2/ RO	PPC	Olfactory	Visual	Insula	CC	PFC
Schumann-Werner 2023	somato-sensory	somato-sensory	C							L^c		L
Suen 2023	gustatory	olfactory	D	R	R	B	B	B	R		L		R	L	R
Kagawa 2014	somato-sensory	visual	B							L		B
Eldeghaidy 2011	gustatory	olfactory	G		R			R	R	B		R	L	B	B
Etzel 2008	auditory	sensori-motor			B
Schulz 2003	somato-sensory	auditory	E					B^d

Group 3: Two non-oral modalities
Study	Modalities		Design	M1	M2	Basal ganglia	Cere-bellum	S1	S2/ RO	PPC	Olfactory	Visual	Insula	CC	PFC
Yamaguchi 2014	visual	sensori-motor	G	L
Hilbert 2014^a	visual	auditory	B			R							B		L

CC anterior/mid-cingulate cortex, M1 primary motor cortex, M2 secondary motor cortex, including the supplementary motor area, PFC prefrontal cortex, PPC posterior parietal cortex, including the superior and inferior parietal lobules and the supramarginal gyrus, RO Rolandic area, S1 primary somatosensory cortex, S2 secondary somatosensory cortex.
^aThe findings revealed the increased activation in patients with dental phobia compared to healthy controls.
^bPPC activation was found at the right and the left hemispheres for the food size condition and the food hardness condition, respectively.
^cIn Fig. 3 only difference at the visual cortex was displayed.
^dThe effect was more pronounced in the trumpeters compared to non-musicians.

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