Table 1 A summary of recent evidence regarding e-cigarettes and deleterious effects on oral health - reverse chronological order. Reproduced from Cameron et al., ‘e-Cigarettes and Oral Cancer: What do we know so far?', British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2023, Elsevier7
From: Current thinking about the effects of e-cigarettes on oral cancer risk
Author | Type of paper | Summary |
|---|---|---|
Muniz de Lima et al. 202315 | In vitro study | The ability of e-liquid to induce proliferative and invasive properties along the activation of the epithelial to mesenchymal transmission process can contribute to the development of tumorigenesis in normal epithelial cells and promote aggressive phenotype in pre-existing oral malignant cells |
Wilson et al. 20221 | Systematic review Research protocol was not registered with PROSPERO before data collection | Aberrant morphology, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, reduced viability, delayed fibroblast migration and genotoxicity were statistically significant when head, neck and oral cells were exposed to e-cigarettes |
Herndon et al. 202218 | Cross-sectional analysis | This cross-sectional analysis demonstrates evidence of a significant association between e-cigarette use and the presence of oral HPV-16 infection. Further investigation to confirm this association in a larger sample and determine the underlying mechanism by which e-cigarette use increases the persistence of HPV infection is required |
Guo et al. 20228 | Systematic review No PRISMA statement | The clinical studies reviewed showed inconsistent results The adverse effects of e-cigarette use were generally found less than those of smokers The health effects of e-cigarette research are still lagging relative to the popularity of these products with consumers. There is not enough evidence to support the carcinogenicity of e-cigarettes |
Szumilas et al. 20229 | Review of literature | E-cigarette exposure can induce several oral health effects, including dysbiosis, inflammation, periodontal diseases, deterioration of dental and gingival health, and changes to the oral microbiome |
O'Brien et al. 202119 | Systematic review and meta-analysis Cochrane review PRISMA flowchart followed | E-cigarette use was associated with commencement of tobacco cigarette smoking among teenagers in Europe and North America, identifying an important health-related harm |
Sultan et al. 20214 | Review of literature | Biological risk of second-hand risk to non-users via ENDS aerosol generation and exhaled vape remains unclear ENDS adverse oral sequelae may yet to be discovered. Clinicians should caution against considering and promoting ENDS as safe devices for smoking cessation until further evidence regarding their long-term use is available |
Manyanga et al. 202117 | In vitro study | Exposure of oral cancer cells to e-cigarette aerosol extracts increases cisplatin resistance through nicotine-dependent and independent mechanisms |
Yang et al. 20205 | Systematic review PRISMA guidelines followed Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool used | E-cigarette use may be associated with mouth and throat discomfort, oral mucosal lesions, changes in the oral microbiome, dental and periodontal damage, and changes at the cellular level of oral tissue. Constituents of e-liquid/vapour and/or downstream metabolites of these constituents have potentially dangerous genotoxic and carcinogenic properties. |
Szukalska et al. 20206 | Review of literature | ENDS produce fewer by-products than cigarettes Environmental concerns and issues regarding non-user exposure exist E-cigarette aerosols may contain fewer toxicants than cigarette smoke but studies evaluating whether e-cigarettes are less harmful than cigarettes are inconclusive Several in vitro studies indicate cytotoxic effects of e-cigarettes |
Raj et al. 202023 | Review of literature using the Bradford Hill criteria of causation to determine the oral carcinogenic potential of e-cigarettes | E-cigarettes can be considered as a potential risk factor for oral cancer due to the presence of carcinogenic components and due to their ability to induce detrimental changes to oral cells, although there is insufficient evidence for causal inference |
