Fig. 5: Targeted nanoparticles improve ICD, T-cell proliferation, and activate autophagic pathway. | Blood Cancer Journal

Fig. 5: Targeted nanoparticles improve ICD, T-cell proliferation, and activate autophagic pathway.

From: BCMA-targeted bortezomib nanotherapy improves therapeutic efficacy, overcomes resistance, and modulates the immune microenvironment in multiple myeloma

Fig. 5

Calreticulin cell surface expression measured on A MM.1S with B respective bar plot and on C AMO-1 cells with D representative bar plot. E Detection of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) by red fluorescence, and respective nucleus as well as cytoplasm (neutral pH condition) by green fluorescence using acridine orange staining (AO), in control, BTZ, BTZ-NPs, and BCMA-BTZ-NPs treated MM.1S cells. F Quantitative representation of red-AVOs for different treatment groups performed using Image J software. G Schematic representation of ICD induction steps showing DAMP expression on apoptotic cancer cells after treatment with BTZ and BTZ nanoparticles that target dendritic cell maturation and antigen uptake, followed by T cell recruitment and priming in the tumor microenvironment. H Gating strategy shown for T cell proliferation assay investigated in CFSE pre-stained T cells co-cultured with dendritic cells and either free BTZ or nanoparticles treated MM cells for 5 days, with quantitative bar representations for I MM.1S and J AMO-1 cells. Mean ± SD of triplicate cultures, ns not significant, ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, significance analyzed by Student’s t-test.

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