Fig. 4
From: Pathological mechanisms and therapeutic outlooks for arthrofibrosis
Four potential signal transduction pathways and their corresponding receptors associated with arthrofibrosis; including TNF-α, Interleukins (IL1, IL6, IL17, etc.), TGF-β and chemokines ligand-receptor superfamilies, which lead to activation of NF-κB, Smad, MAPK and multiple downstream gene transcriptions responsible for matrix production and fibrogenesis
