Fig. 2

Zoledronic acid (ZA) reduces the metastatic burden in the liver. a Ex vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) of livers shows a reduced metastatic load after ZA treatment compared with Denosumab and PBS, however without statistical significance. P-values were calculated using a UNIANOVA model (n = 6 for Denosumab; n = 5 for ZA and PBS). b Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of human-specific LaminAC revealed the presence of significantly less human PC3-Luc cells in liver tissue of animals treated with Denosumab and ZA compared with the PBS control group. P-values were calculated using a UNIANOVA model (*P ≤ 0.05; n = 3 for each group). Representative images of human-specific LaminAC IHC on murine livers are below the graph. c IHC staining of Ki67, a marker that is commonly used for the detection of proliferative cancer cells,⁶⁴ confirmed a significant therapeutic effect of ZA on PC3-Luc liver metastases in comparison to Denosumab and PBS. P-values were calculated using a UNIANOVA model (*P ≤ 0.05; n = 3 for each group). Representative images of Ki67 IHC on murine livers are below the graph. d IHC staining of human-specific CD44 showed a significantly lower amount of human PC3-Luc cells in murine liver tissue after ZA treatment compared with the Denosumab and PBS group. P-values were calculated using a UNIANOVA model (*P ≤ 0.05; n = 3 for each group). Representative images of human-specific LaminAC IHC on murine livers are below the graph