Fig. 1
From: Inhibition of immune checkpoints prevents injury-induced heterotopic ossification
Evidence of altered immune homeostasis in an HO animal model. a Quantification of local infiltrating immune cells in local lesions in WT and Nse-BMP4 mice at different time points p.i. (n = 4 mice per group), *P < 0.05 vs group of WT mice with injury at 1 week p.i., #P < 0.05 vs group of WT mice with injury at 2 weeks p.i., and △P < 0.05 vs group of WT mice with injury at 4 weeks p.i. b qRT-PCR results show the expression of pro-inflammatory cykokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13) in the lesions at different time points p.i. (n = 5 mice per group), *P < 0.05 vs group of WT mice without injury, #P < 0.05 vs WT mice with injury. c, d Immunofluorescent images and quantification of Rapamycin- and Ebselen-mediated suppression of WBC infiltration into the lesions at 1, 2, and 4 weeks p.i. (n = 4 mice per group), *P < 0.05 vs group of WT mice with injury, #P < 0.05 vs group of Nse-BMP4 with injury. e–h X-ray imaging revealed that both Rapamycin and Ebselen prevented HO and increased the range of joint motion (i) at the lesion site (n = 5 mice per group). White arrows point to HO and joint limitation in the control, *P < 0.05 vs control group. Statistics were performed using a repeated-measures ANOVA (a, b, d) or ANOVA (i) with Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Scale bar = 200 μm
