Fig. 1

Timeline highlighting important milestones during the 12 years of GWAS discoveries for osteoporosis and related traits. Blue boxes indicate the studies from the GEFOS and GENOMOS consortia. The green box indicates the studies focused on the Chinese population. Red boxes indicate GWASs including rare variants. Yellow boxes indicate the UK Biobank-based GWAS. BMD bone mineral density, ESR1 estrogen receptor 1, GWAS genome-wide association study, LRP5 low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5, LRP40 low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4, OPG osteoprotegerin, RANK receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa β, RANKL RANK ligand, SPTBN1 spectrin beta, nonerythrocytic 1, WES, whole-exome sequencing, WGS whole-genome sequencing, ZBTB40 zinc finger and BTB domain containing 40