Fig. 2

Inhibitory effects of dopamine in the proliferation, invasion, and migration of 4T1Br tumor cells. CN control, Dop dopamine. The single and double asterisks indicate P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively. a, b Reduction in EdU-measured proliferation and the size of tumor spheroids upon exposure to dopamine. c, d Reduction in invasion determined by the Transwell assay and migration determined by the scratch assay after dopamine treatment. e FRET-based measurement of molecular forces. A FRET tension sensor is designed to increase FRET efficiency when the applied molecular force is reduced. f, g Dopamine-induced reduction in molecular forces with an increase in FRET efficiency