Fig. 3
From: Quality control methods in musculoskeletal tissue engineering: from imaging to biosensors
Summary of microscopy techniques for qualitative and quantitative assessment of cells, scaffolds and tissue engineered constructs. a With laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), it is possible to analyze the expression of specific proteins and nucleic acids and to assess the biological responses and morphological organization of cells using fluorescent dyes. b With scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it is possible to gather high-resolution structural and analytical information about tissues and constructs. c Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows us to analyze the surface and mechanical properties of constructs
