Fig. 3
(-)-Epicatechin increases ex vivo Fgfr3Y367C/+ femur growth through primary cilia elongation. a Sequential representation of the ex vivo culture of femurs isolated from mouse embryos (E16.5). b Representative images of E16.5 Fgfr3+/+ femurs in ex vivo culture for 0 (D0) and 6 (D6) days. c Representative images of E16.5 Fgfr3Y367C/+ femurs in ex vivo culture for 0 (D0) and 6 (D6) days exposed (or not) to Theobroma cacao fraction 5, procyanidin C1 or (-)-epicatechin. d Graphical representation of the gain in length of the ex vivo E16.5 Fgfr3+/+ and Fgfr3Y367C/+ femurs after exposure (or not) to Theobroma cacao fraction 5, procyanidin C1 or (-)-epicatechin (n = 15). e Representative images of HES-stained immunostained embryonic distal femurs. Scale bars: 200 μm. PZ proliferative zone, HZ hypertrophic zone. f Graphical representation of the femur growth plate area in E16.5 Fgfr3+/+ (n = 5) and Fgfr3Y367C/+ femurs in the presence (n = 8) or absence (n = 7) of (-)-epicatechin. g Representative confocal image of the primary cilium immunolabeled with Arl13b (magenta), type X collagen or γ-tubulin (green), and DAPI (blue) localized in the control and Fgfr3Y367C/+ femurs at Day 6. h Graphical representation of the primary cilium length in the chondrocytes from femur cultures at Day 6 from Fgfr3+/+ (n = 917) and Fgfr3Y367C/+ femurs exposed (n = 1 667) or not (n = 1 575) to (-)-epicatechin. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. ns not significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.000 1 by two-tailed, unpaired t test
