Fig. 2
Measurement and correction trajectory of a bone scaffold. a Light micrograph shows calcium deposition tests of MG63 cells growing on films (top) compared to growing on GelMA lattices (bottom) under the same conditions (Day 21).23 b Confocal fluorescent images show mineral deposition by MG63 cells under conditions as in a.23 c Confocal fluorescent images show lattices alone triggering mineral deposition by osteoblasts (NHOst) cells. NHOst cells deposit hydroxyapatite (bottom right panel) and attach to the GelMA lattice (top right panel) and did not stain positively for hydroxyapatite (left panels) on GelMA films.23 d Example path representing the normal vector approach. e Different shape errors are different under the same bioprinting conditions. The shade of the color shows the level of the error, and a darker area means a higher level error; otherwise, a lighter area means a lower level error.40 f From top to bottom, the plots show the task error for the scaffold error, the first iteration of correction error, and the second iteration of correction error.40 (Figures adapted with permission from McBethe et al. 23 and Armstrong et al.40)
