Fig. 3
Measurement and correction of the bone scaffold width. a Examples of injectable thermosensitive hydrogels for 4D bone tissue regeneration.57 b Examples of the shape memory of 4D printing to repair bone tissue defects.57 c Bone tissue repair based on the establishment of a biomimetic microenvironment by 4D printing, which induces the functional maturation of neobone tissue and promotes the osteogenesis of stem cells, enhancing the formation of new bone tissue.57 d Two factors affecting the bioprinting width (w): input pressure (U1) and printing axis moving speed (U2). e The mapping relationship between pressure and width and the mapping relationship between moving speed and width.59 f The printing width under the combined influence of the extrusion pressure and moving speed. The red area represents a width smaller than the normal width, the dark green area on the right represents a width larger than the normal width, and the middle light green represents a width within the normal range.59 g Summary of the research approach integrating experimental tests, sensor data, and Dirichlet process modeling for monitoring width control. (Figures adapted with permission from Wan et al.57 and Armstrong et al.59)
