Fig. 6
Cell viability in different fabrication environments. a, b Short-term and long-term impact of different bioprinting-induced shear stress levels on human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) viability and proliferation.93 c Cylinder-shaped nozzle head (left) and conical-shaped nozzle head (right). d Shear-thinning tests of PCL-PEG-PCL (blue, square) and PCLA-PEG-PCLA (red, circle).101 e Viability of immortalized mesenchymal stem cells after extrusion-based bioprinting at a concentration of 0.5×106 cells per mL in an alginate-gelatin hydrogel. Maximum shear stress values between 1 747 Pa and 21 000 Pa were generated during printing.103 (Figures adapted with permission from Blaeser et al.,93 Cui et al.,101 and Koch et al.103)
