Fig. 3
Glutamine promotes mesenchymal stem cell proliferation. a Metabolic pathway of ammonia in GS-expressing MSCs. b RTCA (real-time cellular analysis) with or without glutamine treatment. c Determination of glutamine after NH4Cl treatment (left) and with or without both NH4Cl treatment and MSO treatment (right). d The growth of MSCs with or without glutamine treatment under a microscope. e The results of cell count analysis with or without glutamine treatment. f CCK-8 analysis with or without glutamine treatment lasting 1 week. g PI flow analysis. h The statistical results of the percentage of S phase cells. i BrdU flow analysis. j The statistical results of the percentage of BrdU+ cells. k Immunofluorescence analysis of BrdU. l The statistical results of BrdU+ cells/HPF. Values are the mean ± SEM of an experiment performed in triplicate (one-way analysis of variance). *P < 0.05 versus the controls. #P < 0.05 versus the 5 mmol·L−1 NH4Cl treatment group
