Table 1 Expression of receptors involved in PNS-mediated regulation of bone regeneration in corresponding bone cell lineages

α-CGRP

CRLR, RAMP1

Rat PDSCs

Promote osteogenic differentiation¹⁰⁷

Rat BMSCs

Enhance osteogenic differentiation^149,150

Enhance proliferation¹⁴⁹

Mouse BMSCs

Promote osteogenic differentiation¹⁵²

Mouse osteoblast precursors

Promote osteogenic differentiation¹⁴⁸

Human osteoblasts

Decrease apoptosis of osteoblasts¹⁵¹

Decrease OPG secretion¹⁵⁴

SP

NK‐1R

Rat BMSCs

Promote BMP-2 and VEGF expression and induces osteoblastic differentiation¹⁶¹

Promote migration^161,163

Rat osteoblasts

Increase the ratio of RANKL to OPG expression¹⁵⁶

Induce proliferation¹⁵⁶

Mouse BMSCs

Promote BMSCs proliferation and osteogenic differentiation¹⁵⁸

Mouse osteoblasts

Increase RANKL expression¹⁵⁸

Mouse BMMs

Activate NF-κB in BMMs¹⁵⁸

MC3T3-E1 cells

Enhance osteoblastic differentiation¹⁶²

NE

α1-AR

Rat BMSCs

Stimulate proliferation¹⁷⁸

MC3T3-E1 cells

Stimulate osteoblastic proliferation¹⁶⁹

β2-AR

Mouse osteoblast progenitor cells

Increase RANKL secretion¹⁷³

Mouse osteoblasts

Reduce osteoblast proliferation²⁹⁰

Suppress osteoblast activity¹⁴⁴

Inhibit osteoblasts differentiation¹⁷¹

MLO-Y4 cells

Increase the ratio of RANKL to OPG¹⁷⁴

Human BMSCs

Reduce cell proliferation¹⁷⁴

ACh

nAChRs

Mouse osteoblasts

Stimulate proliferation⁸¹

Mouse osteoclasts

Promote apoptosis⁸¹

Mouse BMMs

Inhibit osteoclastogenesis¹⁸⁵

NPY

Y1

Rat BMSCs

Y1 antagonist promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs¹⁹³

Mouse BMSCs

Inhibit BMSC differentiation¹⁹²

Mouse osteoblasts

Inhibit function of osteoblasts^190,192

Human BMSCs

Inhibition of Y1 receptor signaling enhances osteogenic differentiation¹⁹¹

VIP

VPAC1

Rat BMSCs

Promote osteogenic differentiation¹⁹⁷

NGF

TrkA

Mouse chondrocytes

Promote ossification²¹⁰

Mouse osteoblasts

Promote differentiation¹²³

MC3T3-E1 cells

Stimulate differentiation²⁰⁷

Decrease apoptosis²⁰⁸

BDNF

TrkB

MC3T3-E1 cells

Promote migration²¹⁶

Human BMSCs

Promote osteogenic differentiation²¹⁵

Increase the level of RANKL²¹⁷

NT-3

TrkC

Rat BMSCs

Promote osteogenic differentiation²⁰⁶

Sema3A

Plexin-A

Mouse osteoblasts

Promote differentiation^223,224

Mouse osteoclasts

Decrease differentiation^223,224

Mouse BMMs

Inhibit migration²²⁴

Human BMSCs

Promote osteogenic differentiation²⁹¹

Sema3E

Plexin-D1

Mouse BMMs

Decrease the formation of osteoclasts²²⁷

Mouse osteoblasts

Inhibit migration²²⁷

Sema4D

Plexin-B1

Mouse osteoblasts

Inhibit differentiation and migration²²⁸

EphB2

Ephrin-B1

Mouse BMSCs

Knockout suppresses BMSCs differentiation²³⁵

Mouse osteoblasts

Promote differentiation²³¹

Human BMSCs

Promote BMSCs migration and chondrogenic differentiation²³²

EphB4

Ephrin-B2

Mouse chondrocytes

Lack of Ephrin-B2 or EphB4 decreases osteoblastic differentiation of chondrocytes^233,236

Mouse osteoblasts

Lack of Ephrin-B2 or EphB4 decreases osteoblast differentiation^233,236

Kusa 4b10 cells

Promote osteoblast differentiation²³⁴