Table 2 Bone-derived factors in the CNS
From: Bone-derived factors mediate crosstalk between skeletal and extra-skeletal organs
Protein | Cell type | Receptor | Model | Function | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ocn | Anterior hippocampus, cortex | Gpr158 | Gpr158−/− mice behavioral and electrophysiological assays | Facilitate the maintenance and adequate restoration of cognitive function | |
Different brain regions and cells, particularly enriched in mature oligodendrocytes | Gpr37 | Ocn−/− mice | Modulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination via the downstream transcription factor Myrf | ||
Substantia nigra and Striatum | AKT-GSK3β signaling | 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD rat model | Enhance the therapeutic efficacy in addressing behavioral dysfunction and mitigate the reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase within the nigrostriatal pathway, while also inhibiting the proliferation of astrocytes and microglia. | ||
Lcn2 | Paraventricular nucleus and ventromedial neurons of the hypothalamus | Mc4r | Col1α1-Cre and Bglap-Cre, Lcn2fl/fl | (1) Modulation of neuronal cell apoptosis, migration patterns, and morphological characteristics. (2) Inhibition of appetite | |
The inner surface of cerebral endothelial cells, neutrophils, and astrocytes | NA | Lcn2−/− mice, Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion model | The deletion of Lcn2 or the application of Lcn2 monoclonal antibodies notably mitigates cerebral damage following a stroke | ||
NA | Lcn2−/− mice | Lcn2 deficiency diminishes cerebral edema, neuronal loss, neutrophilic infiltration, and impairments in behavior. | |||
Hippocampus | NA | Lcn2−/− mice | Facilitate stress-related alterations in spinal structure and performance to modulate neuronal excitability and anxiety levels. | ||
Substantia nigra | Lcn2r | A neurotoxin model of PD | Protect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system | ||
Opn | Cortical and hippocampal regions | NA | Glatiramer acetate-immunized ADtg mice, Opn−/− mice | Enhanced absorption of Aβ fibrils along with related scavenger receptors and anti-inflammatory responses | |
The perforation side of brain tissue | NA | Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage rat model | Mitigate initial cerebral damage and suppress neuronal cell death. | ||
Microglia and macrophages within the infarct core and in peri-infarct regions | Cxcr4 | Mice photothrombosis surgery for ischemia | Stimulate neurogenesis from neural stem cells in vitro, while also enhancing stem cell survival, proliferation, and migration | ||
Bronchial epithelium cells | NA | Particulate matter-induced acute airway inflammation mouse model | Potentiate inflammatory cytokines via the ERK and JNK pathways | ||
Rankl | Neurons and astrocytes in the preoptic area and the Medial Septal nucleus | Rank | Nestin-Cre and GFAP-Cre; Ranklfl/fl | The activation of brain regions associated with thermoregulation leads to fever induction through the COX2-PGE2/EP3R signaling pathway. | |
T cells | Rank | Tnfsf11flox/D mice; Lck-Cre | The suppression of Rankl inhibited the progression of encephalomyelitis while leaving the peripheral immune response unchanged. | ||
Activated microglia and macrophages | Rank | Opg−/− mice or recombinant RANKL-treated mice, Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model | Mitigate inflammation via the Toll-like receptor signaling cascade in microglial cells. |
