Fig. 3

Multivariate statistical analyses of ovarian cancer, benign and borderline ovarian tumours. a 2-component PCA, b 25-component 2D PC-LDA, c Leave-one-patient-out cross-validation when all three tissue classes are included in the model, d Box plots of univariate analysis showing the top m/z peaks contributing to class separation (log2 fold change), between ovarian cancer and borderline ovarian tumours. Ten most significant and intense REIMS spectra peaks shown with P < 0.001, q < 0.001, e–g Binary LOPOCV models showing improved classification when only two classes are included in the model. Number of samples: ovarian cancer n = 39, benign n = 22, borderline tumour n = 21. Only OC samples with at least 50% of viable tumour were included