Table 2 Crude and adjusted Hazard ratios of incident oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, by nut intakea (N=48,284)

From: Nut consumption and the risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the Golestan Cohort Study

 

Categories of intakeb

Continuous HR per 5 g/1000 kcal/day increased intake

 

No nut consumption

Tertile 1

Tertile 2

Tertile 3

p-trendc

 

Total nuts (including tree nut, peanut, walnut and seed)

 Mean intake (g/ 1000 kcal) ± SD

−

0.21 ± 0.13

0.92 ± 0.29

3.84 ± 3.23

  

 Person years

114,663

106,297

107,322

111,456

  

 Cases, n

118

73

57

32

  

 HR, (95% CI)d

1

0.65 (0.48–0.87)

0.52 (0.38–0.71)

0.27 (0.18–0.40)

<0.001

0.45 (0.34–0.60)

 HR, (95% CI)e

1

0.88 (0.66–1.19)

0.84 (0.61, 1.17)

0.49 (0.32–0.73)

0.001

0.64 (0.50–0.81)

 HR, (95% CI)f

1

1.02 (0.75–1.39)

1.03 (0.73, 1.44)

0.60 (0.39–0.93)

0.02

0.71 (0.55–0.91)

Mixed nuts and seeds

 Mean intake (g/ 1000 kcal) ± SD

−

0.16 ± 0.09

0.61 ± 0.19

2.90 ± 2.73

  

 Person years

193230

82384

81460

84487

  

 Cases, n

184

49

26

21

  

 HR, (95% CI)d

1

0.63 (0.46–0.86)

0.33 (0.22–0.50)

0.26 (0.17–0.42)

<0.001

0.31 (0.19–0.49)

 HR, (95% CI)e

1

0.91 (0.66–1.25)

0.53 (0.34–0.81)

0.47 (0.29–0.74)

<0.001

0.54 (0.36–0.80)

 HR, (95% CI)f

1

1.21 (0.87–1.68)

0.58 (0.37–0.91)

0.52 (0.32–0.84)

0.002

0.57 (0.38–0.86)

Peanuts

 Mean intake (g/ 1000 kcal) ± SD

–

0.12 ± 0.05

0.41 ± 0.14

1.94 ± 2.10

  

 Person years

221830

70670

73386

74385

  

 Cases, n

177

36

41

26

  

 HR, (95% CI)d

1

0.63 (0.44–0.91)

0.71 (50–0.99)

0.43 (0.28–0.65)

<0.001

0.48 (0.30–0.78)

 HR, (95% CI)e

1

0.83 (0.58–1.20)

1.03 (0.73–1.46)

0.66 (0.43–1.01)

0.001

0.73 (0.48–1.09)

 HR, (95% CI)f

1

0.97 (0.67–1.41)

1.21 (0.84–1.72)

0.80 (0.51–1.24)

0.02

0.85 (0.59–1.24)

Walnuts

 Mean intake (g/ 1000 kcal) ± SD

–

0.03 ± 0.01

0.10 ± 0.04

0.86 ± 1.20

  

 Person years

249,012

58,468

67,979

65,866

  

 Cases, n

199

30

30

21

  

 HR, (95% CI)d

1

0.62 (0.42–0.92)

0.55 (0.38–0.81)

0.40 (0.26–0.63)

<0.001

0.07 (0.01–0.33)

 HR, (95% CI)5

1

0.77 (0.52–1.15)

0.69 (0.47–1.01)

0.46 (0.29–0.72)

0.001

0.11 (0.02–0.46)

 HR, (95% CI)f

1

0.89 (0.60–1.32)

0.81 (0.54–1.21)

0.71 (0.45–1.14)

0.16

0.31 (0.08–1.17)

  1. aIntake density (g per 1000 kcal).
  2. bThe categories of intake were defined separately for each nut category.
  3. cThe test for trend used ordinal models with tertile mid-points as values.
  4. dCrude models.
  5. eAdjusted for age (years) and sex.
  6. fAdjusted for age (years), sex, place of residence (urban, rural), smoking (pack-year), opium user (nokhod-year, a local unit for opium consumption that weighs about 200 mg), wealth score (low, medium, high), ethnicity (non-Turkmen, Turkmen), body mass index (<18.5, ≥18.5, ≥25, ≥30 kg/m2), education (no formal education, formal education), physical activity (irregular non-intense, regular non-intense, regular or irregular intense), fruits intake (g/1000 kcal) and vegetables intake (g/1000 kcal); HRs (95% CI) were calculated using Cox regression models
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