Table 3 Associations between kidney stones and risk of upper tract urothelial carcinoma localizations; Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer, 1986–2006

From: Kidney stones and the risk of renal cell carcinoma and upper tract urothelial carcinoma: the Netherlands Cohort Study

 

Subcohort person-time at risk (y)

UTUC overalla

Renal pelvis

Ureter

 
  

No. of cases

HR (95% CI)

No. of cases

HR (95% CI)

No. of cases

HR (95% CI)

P. heterogeneityf

Unadjusted analyses

History of kidney stones

All participants b

No

67,389

118

1 (reference)

72

1 (reference)

46

1 (reference)

 

Yes

5981

22

1.64 (1.02–2.64)

14

1.74 (0.95–3.16)

8

1.49 (0.70–3.16)

0.841

Multivariable-adjusted analyses

History of kidney stones

All participants c

No

67,389

118

1 (reference)

72

1 (reference)

46

1 (reference)

 

Yes

5981

22

1.66 (1.03–2.68)

14

1.76 (0.96–3.23)

8

1.50 (0.71–3.18)

0.841

P for interactiond

  

0.923

 

0.395

 

—g

 

Males only e

No

28,774

81

1 (reference)

49

1 (reference)

32

1 (reference)

 

Yes

4284

19

1.65 (0.98–2.79)

11

1.59 (0.81–3.14)

8

1.74 (0.80–3.80)

0.835

Females only e

No

38,615

37

1 (reference)

23

1 (reference)

14

1 (reference)

 

Yes

1697

3

1.70 (0.51–5.72)

3

2.77 (0.80–9.57)

0

—g

—

Age at first occurrence of kidney stones (participants with kidney stones only)

All participants c

<40

2354

11

1.76 (0.69–4.52)

5

1.13 (0.30–4.22)

6

4.79 (0.83–27.71)

0.892

≥40

3552

11

1 (reference)

9

1 (reference)

2

1 (reference)

 
  1. aUTUC Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma, Overall no selection on subtypes by localization
  2. bModel adjusted for age at baseline (y), sex (male/female), and age at baseline (y) as a time-varying covariate
  3. cModel adjusted for age at baseline (y), sex (male/female), body mass index (kg/m2), smoking status (never, former, current), smoking intensity (cig/d, centered), smoking duration (y, centered), hypertension (yes, no), and age at baseline (y) as a time-varying covariate
  4. dTest on whether sex modifies the (multivariable-adjusted) relationship between the history of kidney stones and UTUC risk, based on the Wald test for the interaction term
  5. eModel adjusted for age at baseline (y), body mass index (kg/m2), smoking status (never, former, current), smoking intensity (cig/d, centered), smoking duration (y, centered), hypertension (yes, no), and age at baseline (y) as a time-varying covariate
  6. fTest for heterogeneity between renal pelvis and ureter subtypes
  7. gInsufficient number of exposed cases
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