Table 1 Hazard ratios for kidney, bladder, and upper urinary tract cancer incidence according to physical activity level and leisure-time sports or exercise

From: Physical activity and subsequent risk of kidney, bladder and upper urinary tract cancer in the Japanese population: the Japan Public Health Centre-based Prospective Study

Physical activity level (METs/day)

 

Low (21.6–27.9)

Medium (27.1–33.9)

High (34.3–46.3)

P trend

Per 1METs/day increment

Kidney

 Number cases

51

64

87

  

 Person-years

314,077

381,145

473,095

  

 Model 1 HRs (95% CI)

1.00

0.91 (0.63–1.31)

1.01 (0.71–1.43)

0.89

1.01 (0.85–1.21)

 Model 2 HRs (95% CI)

1.00

0.92 (0.63–1.33)

1.05 (0.74–1.49)

0.71

1.03 (0.87–1.23)

Bladder

 Number cases

87

128

158

  

 Person-years

314,077

381,145

473,095

  

 Model 1 HRs (95% CI)

1.00

1.04 (0.79–1.36)

1.05 (0.81–1.37)

0.73

1.02 (0.90–1.17)

 Model 2 HRs (95% CI)

1.00

1.05 (0.80–1.39)

1.06 (0.81–1.39)

0.69

1.03 (0.90–1.17)

Upper urinary tract

 Number cases

26

24

33

  

 Person-years

314,077

381,145

473,095

  

 Model 1 HRs (95% CI)

1.00

0.71 (0.40–1.24)

0.78 (0.46–1.31)

0.39

0.89 (0.68–1.16)

 Model 2 HRs (95% CI)

1.00

0.71 (0.41–1.25)

0.80 (0.48–1.35)

0.46

0.90 (0.69–1.18)

Leisure-time sports or exercise

 

<1 day/week

1–2 days/week

≥3 days/week

P trend

 

Kidney

 Number cases

158

23

21

  

 Person-years

918,851

125,334

124,132

  

 Model 1 HRs (95% CI)

1.00

1.04 (0.67–1.61)

0.90 (0.57–1.43)

0.74

 

 Model 3 HRs (95% CI)

1.00

1.00 (0.64–1.56)

0.87 (0.55–1.38)

0.59

 

Bladder

 Number cases

293

36

44

  

 Person-years

918,851

125,334

124,132

  

 Model 1 HRs (95% CI)

1.00

0.90 (0.63-1.27)

0.91 (0.66–1.26)

0.49

 

 Model 3 HRs (95% CI)

1.00

0.89 (0.62-1.27)

0.95 (0.69–1.32)

0.64

 

Upper urinary tract

 Number cases

66

9

8

  

 Person-years

918,851

125,334

124,132

  

 Model 1 HRs (95% CI)

1.00

1.00 (0.50–2.02)

0.83 (0.40–1.74)

0.66

 

 Model 3 HRs (95% CI)

1.00

0.98 (0.48–1.97)

0.81 (0.38–1.70)

0.60

 
  1. HRs hazard ratios, CI confidence interval, METs metabolic equivalents
  2. Model 1: adjusted for age (5-year categories), sex (male or female), and area (10 public health center areas)
  3. Model 2: adjusted for total energy intake (quintile), coffee (almost none, 1–4 times/week, 1–2 cups/day or ≥3 cups/day), history of diabetes (no, yes), smoking status (never, former, <20 or ≥20 pack-years), alcohol intake status (non - or occasional drinkers, 1–150 g/week or ≥150 g/week), body mass index (<18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25–29 or ≥30), and leisure-time sports or exercise (<1, 1–2 or ≥3 days/week) in addition to adjustment in Model 1
  4. Model 3: adjusted for total energy intake (quintile), coffee (almost none, 1–4 times/week, 1–2cups/day or ≥3cups/day), history of diabetes (no, yes), smoking status (never, former, <20 or ≥20 pack-years), alcohol intake status (non - or occasional drinkers, 1–150 g/week or ≥150 g/week), and body mass index (<18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25–29 or ≥30) in addition to adjustment in Model 1
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