Table 1 Baseline characteristics by coffee consumption within the UK Biobank
From: Coffee consumption by type and risk of digestive cancer: a large prospective cohort study
Characteristics | Coffee use | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | ||
n | 104,465 (22.1%) | 365,157 (77.4%) | |
Age at baseline (years) | |||
0–49 | 29,969 (28.7%) | 84,182 (23.1%) | |
50–59 | 36,583 (35.0%) | 121,413 (33.2%) | |
60–69 | 37,513 (35.9%) | 157,846 (43.2%) | <0.001 |
70+ | 400 (0.4%) | 1716 (0.5%) | |
Male | 44,004 (42.1%) | 172,206 (47.2%) | <0.001 |
Deprivation | |||
1 (least deprived) | 17,825 (17.1%) | 76,482 (20.9%) | |
2 | 18,848 (18.1%) | 75,006 (20.5%) | |
3 | 19,880 (19.0%) | 73,840 (20.2%) | <0.001 |
4 | 21,945 (21.0%) | 72,053 (19.7%) | |
5 (most deprived) | 25,828 (24.7%) | 67,325 (18.4%) | |
Missing | 139 (0.1%) | 451 (0.1%) | |
Education | |||
College or university degree | 27,872 (26.7%) | 124,155 (34.0%) | |
A level/AS level or equivalent | 10,880 (10.4%) | 41,252 (11.3%) | |
O level/GCSEs or equivalent | 22,221 (21.3%) | 76,381 (20.9%) | |
CSEs or equivalent | 6963 (6.7%) | 18,690 (5.1%) | <0.001 |
NVQ or HND or HNC equivalent | 7348 (7.0%) | 23,358 (6.4%) | |
Other professional qualifications | 5113 (4.9%) | 18,800 (5.1%) | |
None of the above | 21,679 (20.7%) | 56,480 (15.5%) | |
Missing | 2389 (2.3%) | 6041 (1.7%) | |
BMI | |||
Normal/underweight | 34,646 (33.2%) | 119,867 (32.8%) | |
Overweight | 42,406 (40.6%) | 156,214 (42.8%) | <0.001 |
Obese | 26,636 (25.5%) | 87,349 (23.9%) | |
Missing | 777 (0.7%) | 1727 (0.5%) | |
Smoking status | |||
Never | 61,572 (58.9%) | 195,888 (53.6%) | |
Previous | 32,229 (30.8%) | 128,414 (35.2%) | <0.001 |
Current | 10,235 (9.8%) | 39,574 (10.8%) | |
Missing | 429 (0.4%) | 1281 (0.4%) | |
Alcohol consumption | |||
Never | 15,214 (14.6%) | 22,324 (6.1%) | |
<1 day per week | 29,697 (28.4%) | 76,527 (20.9%) | |
1–2 days per week | 25,970 (24.9%) | 95,315 (26.1%) | <0.001 |
3–4 days per week | 18,424 (17.6%) | 90,390 (24.8%) | |
>4 days per week | 15,045 (14.4%) | 80,321 (22.0%) | |
Missing | 115 (0.1%) | 280 (0.1%) | |
Fruit and vegetable intake | |||
<2.5 portions per day | 22,939 (21.9%) | 68,417 (18.7%) | |
2.5–5 portions per day | 39,898 (38.2%) | 149,040 (40.8%) | <0.001 |
>=5 portions per day | 38,251 (36.6%) | 138,186 (37.8%) | |
Missing | 3377 (3.3%) | 9514 (2.6%) | |
Physical activity | |||
Low | 14,539 (13.9%) | 47,718 (13.1%) | |
Moderate | 31,313 (30.0%) | 119,318 (32.7%) | |
High | 32,617 (31.2%) | 116,169 (31.8%) | <0.001 |
Missing | 25,996 (24.9%) | 81,952 (22.4%) | |
Comorbidities | |||
High cholesterol | 12,172 (11.7%) | 44,859 (12.3%) | <0.001 |
Diabetes | 5763 (5.5%) | 17,856 (4.9%) | <0.001 |
Hepatitis | 520 (0.5%) | 1856 (0.5%) | 0.45 |
Cirrhosis | 129 (0.12%) | 348 (0.10%) | 0.041 |
Gallstones | 1775 (1.7%) | 5700 (1.5%) | 0.002 |
Peptic ulcers | 1599 (1.5%) | 4090 (1.1%) | <0.001 |
