Table 2 The association between coffee intake by the number of cups per day and digestive cancer within the UK Biobank
From: Coffee consumption by type and risk of digestive cancer: a large prospective cohort study
Coffee intake (cups/day) | HR per cup increase | p-trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | Any | >0–2 | 3–4 | ≥5 | |||
n | 104,465 | 365,157 | 215,739 | 97,022 | 52,396 | ||
Oesophageal cancer | |||||||
Cases | 74 | 279 | 146 | 72 | 61 | ||
Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.75, 1.25) | 0.84 (0.63, 1.11) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.29) | 1.60 (1.14, 2.24) | 1.07 (1.03, 1.10) | <0.001 |
Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.15 (0.83, 1.61) | 1.11 (0.77, 1.58) | 1.08 (0.71, 1.65) | 1.47 (0.94, 2.30) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 0.28 |
Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma | |||||||
Cases | 15 | 61 | 28 | 15 | 18 | ||
Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.60, 1.86) | 0.80 (0.42, 1.51) | 0.97 (0.47, 1.99) | 2.34 (1.18, 4.64) | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) | 0.001 |
Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.26 (0.59, 2.67) | 0.94 (0.41, 2.14) | 1.10 (0.42, 2.87) | 2.88 (1.20, 6.92) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.16) | 0.01 |
Oesophageal adenocarcinoma | |||||||
Cases | 55 | 204 | 110 | 52 | 42 | ||
Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.70, 1.27) | 0.84 (0.61, 1.17) | 0.90 (0.61, 1.32) | 1.47 (0.98, 2.20) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) | 0.008 |
Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.21 (0.81, 1.80) | 1.25 (0.83, 1.89) | 1.07 (0.65, 1.76) | 1.25 (0.72, 2.15) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.96 |
Gastric cancer | |||||||
Cases | 65 | 184 | 99 | 55 | 30 | ||
Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.55, 0.96) | 0.65 (0.47, 0.88) | 0.81 (0.56, 1.16) | 0.90 (0.58, 1.39) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.79 |
Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.68, 1.41) | 0.88 (0.59, 1.30) | 1.14 (0.73, 1.79) | 1.18 (0.70, 1.98) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 0.30 |
Small intestinal cancer | |||||||
Cases | 14 | 63 | 31 | 20 | 12 | ||
Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.66, 2.11) | 0.97 (0.51, 1.82) | 1.40 (0.71, 2.78) | 1.68 (0.78, 3.64) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) | 0.27 |
Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.39 (0.60, 2.87) | 1.12 (0.49, 2.58) | 1.67 (0.67, 4.18) | 1.65 (0.56, 4.78) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.17) | 0.65 |
Colon cancer | |||||||
Cases | 320 | 1141 | 666 | 340 | 135 | ||
Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.82, 1.05) | 0.90 (0.79, 1.03) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.21) | 0.82 (0.67, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.16 |
Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.78, 1.05) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.18) | 0.87 (0.68, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.93, 1.01) | 0.15 |
Rectal and anal cancer | |||||||
Cases | 176 | 610 | 361 | 155 | 94 | ||
Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.77, 1.08) | 0.90 (0.76, 1.08) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.08) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.33) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.37 |
Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.90 (0.72, 1.11) | 0.81 (0.62, 1.06) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.30) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.90 |
Liver cancer | |||||||
Cases | 48 | 134 | 82 | 32 | 20 | ||
Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.72 (0.52, 1.00) | 0.74 (0.52, 1.05) | 0.65 (0.41, 1.01) | 0.81 (0.48, 1.37) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.34 |
Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.58, 1.30) | 0.88 (0.57, 1.36) | 0.87 (0.51, 1.48) | 0.83 (0.45, 1.55) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 0.44 |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | |||||||
Cases | 26 | 62 | 39 | 14 | 9 | ||
Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.61 (0.39, 0.97) | 0.64 (0.39, 1.05) | 0.52 (0.27, 1.00) | 0.68 (0.32, 1.45) | 0.93 (0.82, 1.04) | 0.22 |
Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.50 (0.29, 0.87) | 0.55 (0.30, 1.00) | 0.44 (0.20, 0.96) | 0.44(0.17, 1.12) | 0.87 (0.76, 1.01) | 0.07 |
Intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma | |||||||
Cases | 16 | 56 | 36 | 14 | 6 | ||
Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.52, 1.57) | 0.97 (0.53, 1.74) | 0.84 (0.41, 1.73) | 0.72 (0.28, 1.85) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) | 0.43 |
Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.49 (0.71, 3.11) | 1.47 (0.68, 3.18) | 1.80 (0.74, 4.34) | 1.06 (0.32, 3.48) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) | 0.90 |
Gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma | |||||||
Cases | 14 | 81 | 47 | 20 | 14 | ||
Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.48 (0.84, 2.61) | 1.43 (0.78, 2.59) | 1.37 (0.69, 2.71) | 1.93 (0.92, 4.06) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.13) | 0.23 |
Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 1.63 (0.81, 3.27) | 1.52 (0.74, 3.15) | 1.56 (0.67, 3.64) | 2.40 (0.98, 5.90) | 1.06 (0.97, 1.15) | 0.15 |
Pancreatic cancer | |||||||
Cases | 81 | 303 | 171 | 83 | 49 | ||
Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.75, 1.22) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16) | 0.98 (0.72, 1.33) | 1.17 (0.82, 1.67) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.07) | 0.17 |
Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.66, 1.20) | 0.86 (0.63, 1.18) | 0.88 (0.60, 1.28) | 1.08 (0.71, 1.65) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.06) | 0.44 |
All digestive cancers | |||||||
Cases | 784 | 2767 | 1,581 | 773 | 413 | ||
Unadjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) | 0.87 (0.80, 0.95) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.17 |
Adjusted HR | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.86, 1.05) | 0.92 (0.83, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.21) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.53 |
