Fig. 1

DCA reduces lactate release in NDV-treated HCC. a–d LM3 and H22 cells were treated with different dose of DCA for 12 h (a, b), or infected with NDV at different multiplicity of infection (MOI) for 12 h (c, d), and the concentrations of glucose and lactate in the media were measured. Means and standard deviations of quadruplicate samples are shown. e–h LM3 and H22 cells were infected with NDV (MOI = 10) in the presence or absence of DCA (20 mM) for 6 or 12 h. Glucose uptake (e, f) and lactate release (g, h) were measured. Means and standard deviations of quadruplicate samples are shown. i, j Mice received an i.p. injection of 2 × 10⁶ H22 cells. Four days later, they were injected i.p. with 1 × 10⁷ pfu NDV for six rounds at the indicated time points (n = 5 per group), with or without DCA (200 mg/kg, daily, i.g.) (i). Ascitic fluid was harvested after 10 or 15 days for lactate assay; relative lactate concentrations were quantified and compared with the untreated group at day 10 (j). Means and standard deviations of five mice are shown. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001