Fig. 3

DCA promotes NDV replication in HCC in vitro and in vivo. a Cells were infected with NDV (MOI = 10) in the absence or presence of DCA (20 mM) for 24 h, then harvested; NDV titres were measured by plaque assay. Means and standard deviations of three independent experiments are shown. b, c LM3 and H22 cells were infected with NDV (MOI = 10) in the absence or presence of DCA (20 mM) for 6, 12, and 24 h, then harvested; NDV-M (b) and NDV-HN (c) gene expression levels were determined by qPCR. Means and standard deviations of quadruplicate samples are shown. d, e Mice were treated as previously described (Fig. 1I), ascitic cells were harvested on day 15, and the viral titres were determined by plaque assay (d); NDV-HN and NDV-M gene expression levels were quantified by qPCR (e); means and standard deviations of five mice are shown. f, g LM3 and H22 cells were transfected with human and mouse siRNA targeting PDK-1 for 4 h, respectively, followed by infected with NDV (MOI = 10) in the absence or presence of DCA (20 mM) for 24 h, then cells were harvested; NDV-M (f) and NDV-HN (g) gene expression levels were determined by qPCR. Means and standard deviations of quadruplicate samples are shown. *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ^#, p > 0.05