Fig. 2: Hazard ratio of incident prostate cancer by fifths of usual serum renal-related biomarker concentrations in up to 211,754 men in UK Biobank.

The hazard ratios above each plot are for 1-SD higher concentration of the biomarker after correction for regression dilution bias. HRs are from Cox regression analyses stratified by region and age at recruitment and adjusted for age (underlying time variable), Townsend deprivation score, ethnicity, lives with a wife or partner, BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption and diabetes. Full details for each covariate are provided in the statistical section. The boxes represent the hazard ratios; the vertical lines represent the 95% CIs. The x-axis shows the mean concentrations of the repeat biomarker measurement within each fifth. The numbers above the vertical lines are point estimates for hazard ratios, and the numbers below are the number of prostate cancer diagnoses within each fifth. Values marked in boldface were statistically significant after allowing for multiple testing. Multivariable-adjusted P values marked in boldface were statistically significant after allowing for multiple testing. BMI body mass index, CI confidence intervals, HR hazard ratio, N number of prostate cancer cases.