Fig. 1: Metformin suppresses F. nucleatum-induced chemoresistance in vivo and in vitro.

a, b Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assays in HT-29 cells. HT-29 cells were co-cultured with F. nucleatum or treated with 1 mM metformin, and different concentration of 5-Fu (a) and Oxaliplatin (b); unpaired t-test. c, d Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assays in HCT 116 cells. HCT 116 cells were co-cultured with F. nucleatum or treated with 1 mM metformin, and different concentration of 5-Fu (c) and Oxaliplatin (d); unpaired t-test. e Representative data of tumors in mice under different conditions. f, g Statistical analysis of tumor volumes (f) and weights (g) in the different groups, n = 5/group; values indicate mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM); unpaired t-test. n.s., P > 0.05; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001.